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. 2011 May;18(5):345–356. doi: 10.1101/lm.2034711

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© 2011 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

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Figure 1. — (A) Step-down (passive) avoidance. Old (18 mo) mice received working memory training (OLD/WM) or a control procedure (OLD/C) across their lifespan. Young (6 mo) animals (Group YOUNG/C) received a treatment similar to Group OLD/C for 3 mo. All animals were then assessed for learning on a passive avoidance task. Illustrated are group means ± standard errors. (B) Reinforced alternation and reversal. Old (18 mo) mice received working memory training (OLD/WM) or a control procedure (OLD/C) across their lifespan. Young (6 mo) animals (Group YOUNG/C) received a treatment similar to Group OLD/C for 3 mo. (B1) All animals were then assessed for learning on a reinforced alternation task. (B2) Subsequently, conditions were changed such that reinforcement was consistently delivered in only one of the two opposing arms. Illustrated is the average number of trials to reach a pre-established criterion of four consecutive correct responses (±standard error). (C) Shuttle avoidance and reversal. Old (18 mo) mice received working memory training (OLD/WM) or a control procedure (OLD/C) across their lifespan. Young (6 mo) animals (Group YOUNG/C) received a treatment similar to Group OLD/C for 3 mo. (C1) All animals were then assessed for learning to avoid shock in a one-way shuttle avoidance task. Illustrated is the average number of trials to reach a pre-established criterion of four consecutive avoidance responses (±standard error). (C2) After all animals had attained super-asymptotic levels of performance, conditions were changed such that shock could be avoided by remaining in the start compartment (rather than shuttling to the opposite side of the box). Illustrated is the percent of trials (out of four after one reversal training trial) in which animals made a successful avoidance response after conditions were reversed. (D) Spatial water maze reversal. Old (18 mo) mice received working memory training (OLD/WM) or a control procedure (OLD/C) across their lifespan. Young (6 mo) animals (Group YOUNG/C) received a treatment similar to Group OLD/C for 3 mo. All animals were then trained to locate a hidden platform in a spatial water maze. Illustrated is the average (±standard error of the mean) latency to locate the hidden platform during the final acquisition trials and then after the hidden platform was moved to a new location.