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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Mar 30;45(9):4127–4132. doi: 10.1021/es103160j

Table 1.

Adjusteda concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate, iodide and creatinine in urine samples collected from infants consuming breast milk, cow milk based formula or soybased formula.

Perchlorate† (μg/L) Nitrate† (μg/L) Thiocyanate† (μg/L) Iodide† (μg/L) Creatinine (mg/dL)
Breast Milk (Nb=92)
 Mean 4.97c 18350 189f 279 12.99
 Median 3.9 14150 98.1 129.5 8.5
 Range <0.05–25.8 <500–123000 <10–1240 18.8–5210 2.7–82.9
 Geo Mean 2.65 8697 95.6 132.3 9.42
 % Detect 95 85 98 100 100
Cow Milk Based Formula (N=51)
 Mean 2.89d 29330e 151g 199 h 18.50i
 Median 2.2 19800 81.2 151 13.6
 Range <0.05–13.1 <500–191000 <10–1300 19.8–841 2.7–70.9
 Geo Mean 1.3 12215 87.2 152.6 14.05
 % Detect 86 86 98 100 100
Soy Based Formula (N=63)
 Mean 1.07 32070 70 162 17.23
 Median 0.58 19500 21.9 108 11.6
 Range <0.05–5.49 <500–127000 <10–1150 4.62–509 3.5–76.3
 Geo Mean 0.35 15679 26.9 105.4 13.17
 % Detect 68 87 84 100 100
a

Urinary analyte concentrations adjusted for diaper contamination of perchlorate (1.24 μg/L), age, sex and BMI.

b

N = number of individual urine samples.

c

Breast-fed infants have significantly higher urinary perchlorate concentrations than do infants consuming cow milk based formula (p = 0.004) or soy-based formula (p < 0.001).

d

Infants consuming cow milk based formula have significantly higher urinary perchlorate concentrations than do infants consuming soy-based formula (p < 0.001).

e

Infants consuming cow milk based formula (p=0.017) and soy-based formula (p=0.005) have significantly higher urinary nitrate concentrations than breast-fed infants.

f

Breast-fed infants have significantly higher urinary thiocyanate concentrations than do infants consuming soy-based formula (p < 0.001).

g

Infants consuming cow milk based formula have significantly higher urinary thiocyanate concentrations than do infants consuming soy-based formula (p =0.006).

h

Infants consuming cow milk based formula have significantly higher urinary iodide concentrations than do infants consuming soy-based formula (p =0.003).

i

Infants consuming cow milk based formula have significantly higher urinary creatinine concentrations than breast-fed infants (p =0.03).

†

Mean and geometrical mean adjusted for age, sex and BMI in mixed linear model.