TABLE 2.
Characteristics of the study population, unadjusted OR for each independent variable and adjusted OR for independent variables retained in the final logistic regression model (n=349)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | % | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P |
|
Predisposing factors | ||||||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| <20 | 76 | 21.8 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| 20–29 | 70 | 20.1 | 2.92 | 1.05–8.08 | 0.039* | |||
| ≥ 30 | 203 | 58.2 | 1.49 | 0.58–3.82 | 0.405* | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 208 | 59.6 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Male | 141 | 40.4 | 1.48 | 0.78–2.81 | 0.230 | |||
| Education level | ||||||||
| None, elementary or high school not completed | 91 | 26.1 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High school completed, college or university | 258 | 73.9 | 2.97 | 1.13–7.80 | 0.027 | |||
| Main occupation | ||||||||
| Student or worker | 297 | 85.1 | 4.00 | 0.94–17.09 | 0.061 | |||
| Other | 52 | 14.9 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Family income | ||||||||
| Low | 106 | 30.4 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High | 221 | 63.3 | 1.23 | 0.60–2.51 | 0.569 | |||
| Undetermined | 22 | 6.3 | – | – | – | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (age) or percentile (age) | ||||||||
| ≤24.9 (18 to 45 years) or <85th percentile (12 to 17 years) | 178 | 51.0 | 1.39 | 0.54–3.62 | 0.497† | |||
| 25.0–29.9 (18 to 45 years) or 85th ≤ BMI >95th percentile (12 to 17 years) | 99 | 28.4 | 2.28 | 0.85–6.11 | 0.101† | |||
| ≥ 30 (18 to 45 years) or ≥ 95th percentile (12 to 17 years) | 72 | 20.6 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Perception of health | ||||||||
| Fair, poor | 94 | 26.9 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Good, very good or excellent | 255 | 73.1 | 2.49 | 1.02–6.11 | 0.046 | 3.37 | 1.31–8.71 | 0.0119 |
| Perception of asthma severity | ||||||||
| Moderate, severe or very severe | 184 | 52.7 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Very mild, mild | 165 | 47.3 | 0.97 | 0.51–1.83 | 0.914 | |||
| Beliefs regarding asthma | ||||||||
| Negative | 235 | 67.3 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Positive | 114 | 32.7 | 1.58 | 0.82–3.02 | 0.172 | |||
| Attitudes toward asthma | ||||||||
| Negative | 221 | 63.3 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Positive | 128 | 36.7 | 0.81 | 0.41–1.60 | 0.550 | |||
| Self-confidence | ||||||||
| Low | 102 | 29.2 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High | 247 | 70.8 | 0.95 | 0.47–1.90 | 0.876 | |||
| Knowledge of asthma physiopathology | ||||||||
| Poor | 101 | 28.9 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Good | 248 | 71.1 | 1.21 | 0.59–2.15 | 0.604 | |||
| Knowledge of asthma symptoms | ||||||||
| Poor | 131 | 37.5 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Good | 218 | 62.5 | 1.28 | 0.65–2.53 | 0.472 | |||
| Knowledge of asthma triggers | ||||||||
| Poor | 189 | 54.2 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Good | 160 | 45.8 | 0.93 | 0.49–1.76 | 0.815 | |||
| Knowledge of asthma self-management | ||||||||
| Poor | 216 | 61.9 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Good | 133 | 38.1 | 1.20 | 0.63–2.29 | 0.588 | |||
| Knowledge of asthma drugs | ||||||||
| Poor | 180 | 51.6 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Good | 169 | 48.4 | 2.18 | 1.12–4.25 | 0.021 | 2.61 | 1.29–5.29 | <0.0001 |
| Years with asthma, mean ± SD | 16.1±10.2 | 1.029 | 0.998–1.06 | 0.062 | ||||
|
Enabling factors | ||||||||
| Perceived effects of treatment | ||||||||
| Some or none | 173 | 49.6 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Significant | 176 | 50.4 | 1.03 | 0.55–1.96 | 0.918 | |||
| Perception of risks of dying due to asthma if drug taken as directed by physician | ||||||||
| No risk | 170 | 48.7 | 0.73 | 0.38–1.39 | 0.338 | |||
| Moderate, high or very high risk | 179 | 51.3 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Perception of risks of dying due to asthma if drug not taken as directed by physician | ||||||||
| No risk | 116 | 33.2 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Moderate, high or very high risk | 233 | 66.8 | 1.52 | 0.74–3.14 | 0.257 | |||
| Self-reported side effects | ||||||||
| Yes | 95 | 27.2 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| No | 254 | 72.8 | 0.96 | 0.47–1.96 | 0.913 | |||
| Short of drugs due to a lack of money | ||||||||
| No | 293 | 84.0 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 56 | 16.0 | 2.30 | 1.10–4.83 | 0.026 | 2.78 | 1.26–6.17 | 0.0116 |
| Ease in obtaining appointment with physician | ||||||||
| Difficult or have not seen the professional during the preceding year | 152 | 43.6 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Easy | 197 | 56.4 | 0.78 | 0.41–1.49 | 0.456 | |||
| Ease in obtaining information on asthma from pharmacist | ||||||||
| Difficult or have not seen the professional during the preceding year | 252 | 72.2 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Easy | 97 | 27.8 | 0.88 | 0.42–1.82 | 0.729 | |||
| Ease in obtaining information on asthma from nurse | ||||||||
| Difficult or have not seen the professional during the preceding year | 327 | 93.7 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Easy | 22 | 6.3 | 0.70 | 0.16–3.10 | 0.636 | |||
| Ease in obtaining information on asthma from respiratory therapist | ||||||||
| Difficult or have not seen the professional during the preceding year | 317 | 90.8 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Easy | 32 | 9.2 | 1.75 | 0.67–4.52 | 0.250 | |||
| Ease in obtaining information on asthma from other health professionals | ||||||||
| Difficult or have not seen the professional during the preceding year | 330 | 94.6 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Easy | 19 | 5.4 | 1.36 | 0.38–4.87 | 0.637 | |||
| Possession of written action plan | ||||||||
| No | 297 | 85.1 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 52 | 14.9 | 1.62 | 0.73–3.61 | 0.239 | |||
| Daily or weekly use of peak flow meter | ||||||||
| No | 343 | 98.3 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 6 | 1.7 | < 0.001 | <0.001 >999.999 | 0.986 | |||
| Vaccination against influenza in past 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 241 | 69.1 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 108 | 30.9 | 1.93 | 1.01–3.70 | 0.047 | |||
| Vaccination against pneumonia in past 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 334 | 95.7 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 15 | 4.3 | 1.10 | 0.24–5.05 | 0.903 | |||
| Ever tested for allergies | ||||||||
| No | 124 | 35.5 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 225 | 64.5 | 1.31 | 0.66–2.62 | 0.439 | |||
| Ever had lung function test | ||||||||
| No | 112 | 32.1 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 237 | 67.9 | 1.43 | 0.69–2.96 | 0.331 | |||
| Ever obtained written information on asthma from health professional | ||||||||
| No | 277 | 79.4 | 1.00 | – | ||||
| Yes | 72 | 20.6 | 1.19 | 0.56–2.55 | 0.649 | |||
| Ever had inhalation technique verified by health professional | ||||||||
| No | 232 | 66.5 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 117 | 33.5 | 1.07 | 0.55–2.10 | 0.840 | |||
| Ever attended asthma education clinic | ||||||||
| No | 304 | 87.1 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 45 | 12.9 | 1.11 | 0.44–2.80 | 0.824 | |||
| Consulted general practitioner during preceding year for asthma-related problems | ||||||||
| No | 149 | 42.7 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Yes | 200 | 57.3 | 0.84 | 0.44–1.59 | 0.589 | |||
| Consulted specialist during preceding year for asthma-related problems | ||||||||
| No | 275 | 78.8 | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 74 | 21.2 | 1.74 | 0.86–3.54 | 0.125 | 2.28 | 1.05–4.97 | 0.0373 |
|
Reinforcing factors | ||||||||
| Coherence of information | ||||||||
| Low | 73 | 20.9 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High | 276 | 79.1 | 1.41 | 0.60–3.32 | 0.426 | |||
| Satisfaction with physician care | ||||||||
| Low | 82 | 23.5 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High | 267 | 76.5 | 1.02 | 0.48–2.16 | 0.968 | |||
| Social support | ||||||||
| Low | 188 | 53.9 | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| High | 161 | 46.1 | 0.91 | 0.48–1.74 | 0.784 | |||
*
Global P=0.0755 (degrees of freedom = 2);
†
Global P=0.1896 (degrees of freedom = 2)