. 2011 Jan 26;8(2):321–340. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8020321

Table 6.

Odds of tobacco marketing awareness change in the United States between consecutive survey waves and across all waves. GEE multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, minority group, and the heaviness of smoking index. Statistically significant differences in odds ratios between the US and the UK are indicated with asterisks.

	Consecutive Waves												All Waves (per wave units)
	2002–2003		2003–2004		2004–2005		2005–2006		2006–2007		2007–2008		2002–2008
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p		_
Advertisements	0.78^**	.031	0.82	.051	0.77^*	.006	0.93^*	.411	1.18^**	.076	0.55^**	<.001	0.85^**	<.001
Store	0.95^*	.577	0.89	.174	0.90^**	.189	0.97^**	.743	1.26^**	.004	0.50	<.001	0.92^**	<.001
Billboards	0.79^**	<.001	0.93	.246	0.87^**	.023	0.91	.107	0.74^**	<.001	0.98	.777	0.86^**	<.001
Newspapers/magazines	0.88^**	.023	0.93^*	.186	0.76^*	<.001	0.70	<.001	0.73	<.001	0.82	.005	0.79^**	<.001
Sponsorship	1.12^**	.041	0.66	<.001	0.82^**	.001	0.87	.027	0.95	.429	0.69	<.001	0.84^**	<.001
Sports	1.24^**	<.001	0.59^*	<.001	0.86^**	.023	0.85	.023	0.95	.502	0.73	<.001	0.84^**	<.001
Arts	0.76	.008	1.04	.759	0.99	.954	1.06	.630	0.76	.037	0.61	.006	0.92	<.001
Competitions	0.94^**	.446	0.83	.028	0.80^*	.020	0.96	.671	1.28	.008	0.69	.001	0.92^**	<.001
Price Promotions	0.55	<.001	0.83	.017	0.80	.004	0.91	.203	1.07^*	.316	1.00	.946	0.87^**	<.001
Special price offers	0.64	<.001	0.71	<.001	0.86	.030	0.92	.23	1.17^**	.023	1.16	.038	0.89^**	<.001
Free samples	0.71^**	<.001	0.81^*	.001	0.84	.016	0.95	.523	1.14	.071	0.53	<.001	0.85^**	<.001
Gifts	0.87^**	.030	1.01^**	.857	1.00	.984	1.07	.291	0.86	.034	0.73^*	<.001	0.95^**	<.001
Electronic Promotions	1.33	<.001	1.28	.001	0.86	.035	0.95	.515	1.17	.051	0.61	<.001	1.04	.008
Email messages	1.41	<.001	1.27^*	.003	0.87	.094	0.92	.344	1.18	.068	0.54	<.001	1.03^*	.053
Internet sites	1.23	.020	1.26	.011	0.78	.006	1.00	.988	1.19	.085	0.70	.003	1.03	.095
Other Promotions	0.71^**	<.001	1.08^**	.247	0.86^*	.018	0.76	<.001	0.96^**	.559	0.90	.094	0.87^**	<.001
Direct mailings	0.86^**	.003	1.33^**	<.001	0.95^*	.322	0.79	<.001	0.90	.062	0.93	.242	0.95^**	<.001
Signs/posters	0.78^*	<.001	0.69^*	<.001	1.08^**	.220	0.78	<.001	1.16^**	.042	0.80	.004	0.87^**	<.001
Branded items	0.80^*	<.001	1.00	.951	0.86	.022	0.92	.228	0.93	.324	1.01	.881	0.91^**	<.001
Leaflets	1.00^**	.993	1.30^**	.001	0.97	.719	0.83	.026	1.18^*	.045	0.74	.001	1.01^**	.407
Overall awareness
Salience	0.82^**	.002	0.72	<.001	0.81	.009	1.20	.025	1.03	.724	0.63	<.001	0.88^**	<.001
Sum of channels¹	–0.32^**	<.001	–0.28^*	<.001	–0.28^**	<.001	–0.33	<.001	–0.06^*	.404	–0.51^**	<.001	–0.28^**	<.001

Odds of awareness change across all waves are on the same scale as odds of awareness change between consecutive waves (i.e., in wave units).

Reporting means and regression coefficients rather than percentages and odds ratios.

p < 0.01;

^**

p < 0.001 for between-country comparisons.