Table 2.
Predictors of presence, introduction, and removal of smoke-free policies among smokers, binary logistic regression.
| Predictors | Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homes | Bars | Restaurant | Worksites d | ||||||
| Presencea (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 2,634) | Removal c (n = 1,216) | Presence a (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 1,926) | Presence a (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 1,244) | Presence a (n = 3,807) | Introduction b (n = 344) | |
| Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.31 [1.10–1.55] | 1.06 [0.77–1.46] | 0.52 [0.34–0.80] | 0.93 [0.77–1.10] | 1.14 [0.81–1.60] | 1.18 [0.97–1.44] | 0.94 [0.61–1.45] | 1.38 [1.06–1.82] | 0.48 [0.22–1.03] |
| High | 1.54 [1.27–2.87] | 1.49 [1.04–2.13] | 0.44 [0.26–0.73] | 0.93 [0.75–1.14] | 1.06 [0.71–1.57] | 1.21 [0.96–1.54] | 0.98 [0.59–1.63] | 2.23 [1.63–3.04] | 0.55 [0.23–1.34] |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–39 | 1.02 [0.81–1.30] | 0.65 [0.40–1.07] | 0.37 [0.20–0.69] | 1.15 [0.87–1.52] | 0.73 [0.41–1.31] | 1.28 [0.94–1.74] | 0.82 [0.38–1.78] | 1.00 [0.70–1.43] | 2.16 [0.75–6.23] |
| 40–54 | 0.69 [0.55–0.87] | 0.45 [0.28–0.73] | 0.65 [0.36–1.15] | 1.31 [1.00–1.71] | 0.72 [0.42–1.26] | 1.55 [1.15–2.10] | 0.81 [0.39–1.69] | 1.20 [0.85–1.69] | 1.47 [0.54–3.99] |
| 55+ | 0.69 [0.53–0.89] | 0.43 [0.26–0.73] | 0.59 [0.31–1.13] | 1.43 [1.06–1.91] | 0.56 [0.31–1.02] | 1.63 [1.18–2.26] | 0.73 [0.34–1.60] | 0.98 [0.66–1.47] | 1.08 [0.34–3.40] |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.42 [1.25–1.61] | 1.09 [0.86–1.39] | 1.23 [0.87–1.73] | 0.91 [0.79–1.04] | 0.96 [0.74–1.24] | 1.04 [0.89–1.21] | 1.01 [0.72–1.41] | 0.41 [0.34–0.50] | 0.68 [0.39–1.18] |
| Minority Status | |||||||||
| Mainstream/Non–Minority | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Minority | 0.96 [0.79–1.17] | 1.08 [0.72–1.62] | 1.56 [0.97–2.50] | 1.19 [0.96–1.48] | 1.17 [0.78–1.75] | 0.70 [0.55–0.89] | 1.01 [0.62–1.65] | 0.87 [0.65–1.17] | 0.63 [0.29–1.38] |
| Country | |||||||||
| Canada | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| United States | 1.44 [1.20–1.73] | 1.19 [0.80–1.76] | 0.76 [0.45–1.28] | 0.24 [0.20–0.29] | 0.55 [0.37–0.82] | 0.17 [0.13–0.22] | 0.24 [0.13–0.45] | 0.78 [0.57–1.06] | 0.84 [0.37–1.89] |
| United Kingdom | 0.67 [0.54–0.83] | 1.50 [1.02–2.21] | 1.90 [1.08–3.33] | 0.15 [0.12–0.19] | 42.6 [24.8–73.3] | 0.08 [0.06–0.10] | 11.7 [5.74–23.9] | 0.74 [0.54–1.03] | 14.2 [5.26–38.5] |
| Australia | 1.75 [1.47–2.08] | 1.89 [1.34–2.68] | 0.62 [0.39–0.99] | 0.12 [0.09–0.14] | 4.41 [2.98–6.54] | 1.02 [0.77–1.36] | 1.66 [0.80–3.47] | 0.78 [0.58–1.05] | 2.00 [0.92–4.36] |
| Children in Home | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.08 [1.83–2.37] | 1.08 [0.83–1.41] | 0.71 [0.49–1.01] | 1.01 [0.87–1.17] | 0.83 [0.62–1.10] | 1.01 [0.85–1.20] | 1.11 [0.76–1.61] | 1..06 [0.87–1.29] | 1.33 [0.76–2.33] |
| Non–Smoking Adults in Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| No | 2.17 [1.92–2.45] | 1.51 [1.19–1.91] | 0.55 [0.39–0.77] | ||||||
| Yes | |||||||||
| Smoke Free–Home Policy | |||||||||
| Partial/None | NI | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Total Ban | 0.96 [0.83–1.12] | 0.95 [0.72–1.27] | 1.11 [0.93–1.32] | 1.07 [0.73–1.57] | 1.00 [0.81–1.24] | 1.08 [0.59–1.97] | |||
| Smoke Free–Bar Policy | |||||||||
| Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Total Ban | 0.95 [0.82–1.10] | 0.95 [0.71–1.27] | 1.05 [0.70–1.59] | 14.0 [11.7–16.8] | 1.32 [0.74–2.34] | 1.33 [1.04–1.70] | 0.61 [0.31–1.20] | ||
| Smoke–Free Restaurant | |||||||||
| Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Total Ban | 1.10 [0.93–1.30] | 1.03 [0.75–1.43] | 1.12 [0.69–1.80] | 13.9 [11.6–16.6] | 1.45 [1.08–1.95] | 1.61 [1.25–2.06] | 0.78 [0.38–1.63] | ||
| Smoke–Free Worksite | |||||||||
| Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI |
| Total Ban | 0.99 [0.80–1.22] | 1.14 [0.75–1.74] | 0.89 [0.51–1.55] | 1.23 [0.97–1.57] | 0.98 [0.65–1.49] | 1.58 [1.23–2.02] | 1.09 [0.67–1.77] | NI | NI |
| Not employed outside home | 0.93 [0.74–1.17] | 1.03 [0.66–1.62] | 1.29 [0.72–2.30] | 1.31 [1.02–1.70] | 1.08 [0.70–1.66] | 1.46 [1.13–1.89] | 0.83 [0.51–1.37] | NI | NI |
| Heaviness of Smoking Index | 0.74 [0.71–0.77] | 0.87 [0.80–0.94] | 1.32 [1.18–1.48] | 1.01 [0.97–1.06] | 1.02 [0.93–1.11] | 1.01 [0.96–1.07] | 1.08 [0.97–1.20] | 0.90 [0.84–0.96] | 0.87 [0.74–1.03] |
| Public Smoking Ban Support | 1.34 [1.27–1.42] | 1.24 [1.12–1.38] | 0.85 [0.73–0.98] | 1.33 [1.26–1.41] | 1.20 [1.06–1.35] | 1.32 [1.23–1.41] | 1.22 [1.04–1.42] | 1.59 [1.46–1.73] | 1.23 [0.96–1.57] |
Note: NI= Not included in model. Statistically significant odds ratios are noted in bold.
a
Presence of total smoking ban among current smokers at Wave 5.
b
Implementation of a total smoking ban between Wave 5 and Wave 6 among continuing smokers.
c
Removal of total smoking ban between Wave 5 and Wave 6 among continuing smokers.
d
Among individuals employed for wages outside the home.