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. 2011 Apr 20;(91):1–116. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.91.709

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N. Adam Smith

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 16. — Wing elements of flightless and volant auks depicting decreased range of motion and shortening of distal wing elements. Elements not to scale and degree of flexion estimated based on manual articulation of specimens: A Mancalla (composite LACM 154560) B Pinguinus impennis (composite USNM 346387) C Alca torda (NCSM 20502). Anatomical abbreviations: c carpometacarpus h humerus r radius u ulna.