Table 2.
Odds Ratios for the Effects of SES, Marital Status Continuity and Change T1–T2, and Gender on Mortality
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional Health | |||||
| Baseline functional limitations | 1.38 *** | 1.38 *** | 1.39 *** | 1.38 *** | 1.38 *** |
| Change in functional limitations T2-T1 | 1.27 *** | 1.26 *** | 1.26 *** | 1.27 *** | 1.26 *** |
| Demographic controls | |||||
| Age at T1 | 1.09 *** | 1.09 *** | 1.09 *** | 1.09 *** | 1.09 *** |
| Female (coded 1) | 0.50 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.55 *** |
| Non-White (coded 1) | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.12 |
| Parental status | |||||
| Minor child at T1 and T2 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No minor child at T1 and T2 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.94 |
| Minor child only at T1 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.06 |
| Minor child only at T2 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 |
| Work status | |||||
| Employed at T1 and T2 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No employment at T1 and T2 | 1.58 *** | 1.57 *** | 1.55 ** | 1.55 ** | 1,54 ** |
| Employed only at T1 | 1.41 * | 1.40 * | 1.37 * | 1.39 * | 1.38 * |
| Employed only atT2 | 1.47 | 1.46 | 1.45 | 1.44 | 1.40 |
| Cohabitation at T1 (coded 1) | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.16 |
| Cohabitation at T2 (coded 1) | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.15 |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | |||||
| Education at T1 (in years) | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Logged income at T1 | 0.82 * | 0.82 * | 0.82 * | 0.74 ** | 0.99 |
| Change in logged income T2-T1 | 0.80 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.81 ** | 0.81 ** |
| Marital status continuity and change T1–T2 | |||||
| Continuously married (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Continuously separated/divorced | 1.83 *** | 1.89 *** | 2.08 *** | 1.81 *** | 1.98 ** |
| Continuously widowed | 1.62 *** | 1.81 *** | 1.98 * | 1.68 *** | 2.00 ** |
| Never married | 2.10 *** | 2.20 *** | 1.57 | 2.09 *** | 1.60 |
| Married to separated/divorced | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.70 | 1.21 | 1.47 |
| Married to widowed | 1.55 * | 1.68 | 3.02 ** | 1.61 * | 2.57 * |
| Never/previously married to married | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 |
| Two+ times of marital status transition | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.39 |
| SES × gender | |||||
| Education × female | 0.91 * | ||||
| Income × female | 0.51 *** | ||||
| SES × marital status continuity and change T1–T2 | |||||
| Education × continuously separated/divorced | 1.03 | 1.02 | |||
| Education × continuously widowed | 1.07 | 0.98 | |||
| Education × never married | 1.07 | 1.05 | |||
| Education × married to separated/divorced | 1.00 | 0.91 | |||
| Education × married to widowed | 1.07 | 1.12 | |||
| Education × never/previously married to married | 0.92 | 0.90 | |||
| Education × two+ times of marital status transition | 1.14 | 1.40 | |||
| Income × continuously separated/divorced | 1.07 | 1.01 | |||
| Income × continuously widowed | 1.33 | 0.91 | |||
| Income × never married | 1.07 | 0.46 | |||
| Income × married to separated/divorced | 0.76 | 0.34 | |||
| Income × married to widowed | 1.35 | 1.36 | |||
| Income × never/previously married to married | 1.37 | 1.33 | |||
| Income × two+ times of marital status transition | 0.69 | 1.15 | |||
| Marital status continuity and change T1–T2 × gender | |||||
| Continuously separated/divorced × female | 0.88 | 0.76 | |||
| Continuously widowed × female | 0.92 | 0.79 | |||
| Never married × female | 1.79 | 1.63 | |||
| Married to separated/divorced × female | 0.46 | 0.47 | |||
| Married to widowed × female | 0.49 | 0.53 | |||
| Never/previously married to married × female | 0.83 | 0.67 | |||
| Two+ times of marital status transition × female | 4.43 | 3.12 | |||
| SES × marital status continuity and change T1–T2 × gender | |||||
| Education × continuously separated/divorced × female | 1.07 | ||||
| Education × continuously widowed × female | 1.17 | ||||
| Education × never married × female | 1.09 | ||||
| Education × married to separated/divorced × female | 1.38 | ||||
| Education × married to widowed × female | 1.00 | ||||
| Education × never/previously married to married × female | 1.09 | ||||
| Education × two+ times of marital status transition × female | 0.68 | ||||
| Income × continuously separated/divorced × female | 1.25 | ||||
| Income × continuously widowed × female | 2.20 | ||||
| Income × never married × female | 4.55 * | ||||
| Income × married to separated/divorced × female | 7.81 * | ||||
| Income × married to widowed × female | 1.35 | ||||
| Income × never/previously married to married × female | 0.77 | ||||
| Income × two+ times of marital status transition × female | 0.99 | ||||
| −2 Log likelihood | 3582.02 | 3573.83 | 3551.08 | 3574.03 | 3535.91 |
| df | 23 | 30 | 45 | 30 | 45 |
Notes: Data source is the National Survey of Families and Households 1987–2002 (N = 5,937; Men = 2,265, Women = 3,672).
*
p ≤ .05
**
p ≤ . 01
***
p ≤ .001. Two-tailed test. For parental status, minor child was defined as a child under age 19 in the household. For work status, employment was defined as part-time or full-time paid employment.