Table 5.
Estimation of the probability of having birth last year (2SLS model)
| 1965 (N = 3564) | 1967 (N = 4773) | 1976 (N = 4460) | 1980 (N = 3788) | 1985 (N = 3614) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First stage: number of contraceptives known | |||||
| Listen to the radio | 0.38*** | 0.84*** | 0.50*** | 0.20* | 0.29*** |
| Read newspapers | 1.9*** | 1.63*** | 1.18*** | 0.81*** | 1.07*** |
| Watch TV | N/A | 0.70*** | 0.84*** | 0.29** | −0.03 |
| Read magazines | N/A | N/A | 0.91*** | 0.84*** | 0.53*** |
| Join Organization | N/A | N/A | 0.49*** | 0.43* | 0.52** |
| F statistics | 43.21 | 91.49 | 52.70 | 16.58 | 34.21 |
| Second stage: whether having live births last year | |||||
| Number of contraceptives known | −0.06*** | −0.03*** | −0.04*** | −0.05*** | −0.05*** |
| No sons | 0.05* | 0.16*** | 0.10*** | 0.08*** | 0.10*** |
| Number of live births until last year | 0.01 | −0.00 | −0.04*** | −0.10*** | −0.09*** |
| Age range 18–22 (base: 38–44) | 0.43*** | 0.44*** | N/A | 0.14*** | 0.25*** |
| Age range 23–27 | 0.55*** | 0.50*** | 0.31*** | 0.18*** | 0.28*** |
| Age range 28–32 | 0.44*** | 0.34*** | 0.29*** | 0.09*** | 0.15*** |
| Age range 33–37 | 0.19*** | 0.15*** | 0.16*** | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Working outside of family | −0.10*** | −0.04* | −0.12*** | −0.08*** | −0.06*** |
| Education years 12 + (base: 7–11) | 0.12* | 0.02 | 0.10** | 0.06* | 0.08** |
| Education years 0–6 | −0.09** | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.07** | −0.08** |
| Live in a city | −0.06+ | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.02 |
| Live with parents in law | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04** | 0.05*** |
| Husband’s income | N/A | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05** | 0.04*** |
| Over-identification test (P-value) | 0.9067 | 0.4113 | 0.0670 | 0.1580 | 0.6382 |
+ P < 0.10, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
Standard errors are robust and clustered in township level. N/A indicates no information in that category. Also control for ethnicity, husband’s education, and township fixed effects. The first stage equation also controls for other individual characteristics [see Eq. (5)]