Table 1.
Participants’ baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Surgery-nonBED | Surgery-BED | Lifestyle-BED |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 59) | (N = 36) | (N = 49) | |
| Sex, N (%) | |||
| Female | 49 (83.1%) | 26 (72.2%) | 39 (79.6%) |
| Male | 10 (16.9%) | 10 (27.8%) | 10 (20.4%) |
| Race/Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| Black/African American | 14 (23.7%) | 8 (22.2%) | 26 (53.1%) |
| Hispanic | 3 (5.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (6.1%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 42 (71.2%) | 27 (75.0%) | 18 (36.7%) |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.1%) |
| Education N (%) | |||
| < 12th grade | 2 (3.4%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (6.1%) |
| High school/G.E.D. | 34 (57.6%) | 19 (52.8%) | 26 (53.1%) |
| Bachelors degree | 13 (22.0%) | 9 (25.0%) | 14 (28.6%) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 10 (16.9%) | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (12.2%) |
| Age (yr) | 43.8 ± 1.3 | 47.0 ± 1.6 | 43.8 ± 1.4 |
| Weight (kg) | 139.3 ± 3.7 | 138.7 ± 4.0 | 125.8 ± 2.9 |
| Height (cm) | 167.3 ± 1.1 | 168.8 ± 1.5 | 168.2 ± 1.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 49.5 ± 1.0 | 48.9 ± 1.1 | 44.3 ± 0.7 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 128.6 ± 8.7 | 176.0 ± 15.0 | 125.5 ± 11.4 |
| Cholesterol | |||
| Total (mg/dl) | 178.2 ± 5.1 | 180.7 ± 7.4 | 194.9 ± 5.0 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 102.0 ± 4.2 | 97.6 ± 7.2 | 119.2 ± 4.4 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 49.4 ± 1.7 | 47.9 ± 2.4 | 50.7 ± 2.2 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 15.6 ± 2.0 | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 9.9 ± 1.3 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 107.7 ± 3.3 | 118.3 ± 6.7 | 100.8 ± 2.8 |
| Insulin (µU/ml) | 18.4 ± 1.9 | 28.0 ± 7.4 | 15.7 ± 1.4 |
| HOMA | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.5 |
| Type 2 diabetes, N (%) | 14 (23.7%) | 11 (30.6%) | 5 (10.2%) |
Note: Values shown are mean ± SE. LDL= low density lipoprotein; HDL= high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP= high sensitivity C reactive protein; HOMA= homeostasis method of insulin resistance. Statistically significant differences between groups are described in the text.