Table 2.
Human Mechanistic study:
| Apical MI +MR 4 SEG group (n=20) |
Apical MI No or Minimal MR 4 SEG group (n=20) |
Apical MI No or Minimal MR 2 SEG group (n=20) |
Normal Control Group (n=20) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MR grade 0–1 | 0/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| MR grade 2–4 | 20/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 |
| Age (years) | 74.6±10.9 | 67.0±13.05 | 68.0±12.7 | 70.0±11.4 |
| Sex (F/M) | 40/60 | 40/60 | 45/55 | 60/40 |
| BSA (Kg/m2) | 1.79±0.18 | 1.78±0.13 | 1.76±0.28 | 1.76±0.15 |
| LVESV (ml) | 76.2±14.0 | 67.2±9.0 df | 61.3±13.8e | 34.8±14.4a,b,c |
| LVEDV (ml) | 118.1±14.8 | 109.8±15.6 df | 105.1±16.4 | 83.7±20.1a,b,c |
| EF (%) | 35.7±6.5 | 38.5±4.6 df | 42.9±7.6 e | 57.7±7.4 a,b,c |
| LVEDD (cm) | 4.16±0.6 | 4.29±0.30 | 4.24±0.38 | 4.15±0.68 |
| LVESD (cm) | 2.9±0.47 | 2.91±0.28 | 2.88±0.28 | 2.62±0.39 |
| Annulus max (cm) | 3.42±0.37 | 3.48±0.20 | 3.45±0.14 | 3.31±0.12 |
| Annulus min (cm) | 3.04±0.28 | 3.09±0.13 | 2.97±0.19 | 2.79±0.34 |
| Annulus change (cm) | 0.38±0.23 | 0.39±0.21 | 0.47±0.16 | 0.42±0.22 |
| TL-Diast (cm) | 4.39±0.59 | 4.15±0.42 d | 4.11±0.18 e | 3.70±0.23 a |
| TL-Syst (cm) | 4.11±0.57 | 3.36±0.40 d | 3.14±0.12 e | 3.01±0.21 a |
| TL: ED-ES | 0.29±0.29 | 0.79±0.49 d | 0.95±0.06 e | 0.69±0.02 a |
| TH-Diast (cm) | 3.56±0.47 | 3.23±0.49 d | 3.05±0.12 e | 3.07±0.21 a |
| TH-Syst (cm) | 3.27±0.51 | 2.66±0.44d | 2.58±0.31 e | 2.48±0.26 a |
| TH: ED-ES | 0.29±0.12 | 0.57±0.42d | 0.47±0.11e | 0.49±0.15 a |
a
4-Segments+MR vs. Normal, p<0.01
b
4-Segments-MR vs. Normal, p<0.01
c
2-Segments vs. Normal, p<0.01
d
4-Segments+MR vs. 4-Segments-MR, p<0.01
e
4-Segments+MR vs. 2-Segments, p<0.01
f
4-Segments-MR vs. 2-Segments, p<0.01
Left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), ejection fraction (EF), end-systolic diameter (LVESD), end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), tethering length and height in systole and diastole (TL, TH, Syst, Diast) and their changes (ED-ES). MR grade: grades 0–1 (no or minimal MR) versus grades 2–4 (significant MR: moderate or greater).