. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009 Apr;37(3):401–413. doi: 10.1007/s10802-008-9279-8

Table 1.

Logistic Regression Models Estimating Socio-Demographic Risk Factors for Learning-Related Behavior Problems at 24 Months, without and with Statistical Controls for Gestational and Birth Risk Factors

	Not persistent		Not attentive		No interest		Not cooperative		Frustrated

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Child age	0.9 (0.8-0.9)^***	0.9 (0.8-0.9)^***	0.9 (0.8-1.0)^**	0.9 (0.8-1.0)^**	0.9 (0.8-1.1)	0.9 (0.8-1.1)	0.9 (0.9-1.0)	0.9 (0.9-1.0)	0.9 (0.8-1.1)	0.9 (0.8-1.1)
Male	1.8 (1.5-2.2)^***	1.8 (1.6-2.2)^***	1.8 (1.5-2.1)^***	1.8 (1.5-2.1)^***	1.7 (1.4-2.0)^***	1.7 (1.4-2.0)^***	1.7 (1.5-2.0)^***	1.7 (1.5-2.0)^***	1.8 (1.5-2.2)^***	1.8 (1.5-2.2)^***
Lowest Mother's Ed. Quintile	2.3 (1.5-3.5)^***	2.1 (1.4-3.2)^***	2.8 (1.8-4.4)^***	2.6 (1.6-4.1)^***	2.4 (1.4-4.2)^**	2.4 (1.4-4.1)^**	2.7 (1.8-4.0)^***	2.6 (1.7-3.8)^***	2.3 (1.1-4.7)^*	2.1 (1.1-4.3)^*
Low to Mid Mother's Ed. Quintile	1.9 (1.3-2.9)^**	1.8 (1.2-2.7)^**	2.2 (1.4-3.5)^***	2.1 (1.3-3.3)^**	2.2 (1.3-3.7)^**	2.1 (1.3-3.6)^**	2.3 (1.5-3.5)^***	2.2 (1.5-3.4)^***	1.5 (0.8-2.8)	1.4 (0.7-2.6)
Mid Mother's Ed. Quintile	1.6 (1.1-2.4)^*	1.5 (1.0-2.3)^*	2 (1.3-3.1)^**	2 (1.3-3.0)^**	1.8 (1.1-2.8)^*	1.8 (1.1-2.8)^*	2.2 (1.5-3.3)^***	2.2 (1.5-3.2)^***	1.7 (0.9-3.2)	1.6 (0.8-3.1)
Mid to High Mother's Ed. Quintile	1.1 (0.7-1.9)	1.1 (0.7-1.8)	1.3 (0.8-2.1)	1.3 (0.8-2.1)	1.6 (1.0-2.6)	1.6 (0.9-2.6)	1.4 (0.9-2.2)	1.4 (0.9-2.2)	1.3 (0.6-2.7)	1.3 (0.6-2.7)
Older Mom	0.8 (0.6-1.0)^*	0.8 (0.6-0.9)^*	0.7 (0.6-1.0)^*	0.7 (0.6-0.9)^*	0.9 (0.7-1.3)	0.9 (0.7-1.3)	0.9 (0.6-1.2)	0.9 (0.6-1.2)	0.9 (0.6-1.2)	0.9 (0.6-1.2)
Mom Not Married	1.3 (1.1-1.6)^*	1.2 (1.0-1.5)^*	1.1 (0.9-1.3)	1 (0.8-1.3)	1.2 (0.9-1.5)	1.2 (0.9-1.5)	1.3 (1.1-1.7)^*	1.3 (1.0-1.7)^*	1.2 (0.9-1.5)	1.1 (0.9-1.5)
African American	1.3 (0.9-1.7)	1.3 (1.0-1.7)	1.5 (1.1-2.1)^**	1.5 (1.1-2.1)^**	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.4 (1.0-1.9)	1.2 (0.9-1.6)	1.2 (0.9-1.6)	0.9 (0.6-1.3)	0.9 (0.6-1.4)
Korean, Chinese, Indian or Japanese	1.3 (0.9-1.9)	1.4 (0.9-1.9)	1.3 (0.9-1.9)	1.4 (1.0-2.0)	1.7 (1.2-2.5)^**	1.7 (1.2-2.5)^**	1.4 (1.0-2.0)	1.4 (1.0-2.1)	1 (0.6-1.5)	1 (0.6-1.5)
Other Asian	1.4 (0.9-2.2)	1.4 (0.9-2.3)	1.9 (1.2-3.0)^**	2 (1.3-3.1)^**	1.9 (1.1-3.2)^*	1.9 (1.1-3.1)^*	1.3 (0.8-2.1)	1.3 (0.8-2.2)	0.9 (0.5-1.5)	0.9 (0.6-1.6)
Hispanic	1.1 (0.8-1.4)	1.1 (0.8-1.5)	1.2 (0.9-1.7)	1.3 (0.9-1.8)	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.4 (1.0-2.0)	1.3 (1.1-1.7)^*	1.4 (1.1-1.8)^*	1 (0.7-1.5)	1.1 (0.8-1.6)
Native American	1.7 (0.9-3.1)	1.7 (1.0-3.0)	1.6 (1.1-2.4)^*	1.6 (1.1-2.4)^*	2.6 (1.2-5.4)^*	2.5 (1.3-5.0)^**	2.4 (1.4-4.1)^***	2.4 (1.4-4.0)^***	2.3 (1.1-4.9)^*	2.3 (1.1-5.1)^*
Hawaiian\Pacific Islander	0.1 (0-0.6)^**	0.1 (0-0.6)^**	0.3 (0.1-1.1)	0.3 (0.1-1.2)	0.3 (0.1-1.5)	0.3 (0.1-1.7)	0.2 (0-0.9)^*	0.2 (0.1-0.9)^*	0.1 (0-0.1)^***	0.1 (0-0.1)^***
Mixed Race	1.6 (1.1-2.4)^*	1.5 (1-2.3)^*	1.7 (1.0-2.7)^*	1.6 (1.0-2.6)^*	1.8 (1.1-2.9)^*	1.7 (1.1-2.8)^*	1.5 (1.0-2.2)^*	1.4 (1.0-2.1)	1.8 (1.2-2.8)^**	1.8 (1.2-2.8)^**
Medical risk		0.9 (0.7-1.0)		1 (0.8-1.2)		0.9 (0.8-1.1)		1 (0.8-1.1)		0.9 (0.7-1.2)
Behavior risk		1.3 (1.0-1.7)		1.3 (1.0-1.7)		1 (0.7-1.3)		1.1 (0.8-1.5)		1.4 (1.0-1.9)
Obstetric Procedures		1 (0.9-1.2)		1 (0.9-1.2)		1 (0.8-1.2)		1 (0.8-1.1)		1 (0.8-1.2)
Labor Complications		1.1 (1.0-1.3)		1 (0.8-1.2)		0.9 (0.7-1.1)		1 (0.9-1.2)		1.3 (1.0-1.5)^*
Very preterm		1.9 (1.1-3.3)		1.4 (0.8-2.4)		1.1 (0.7-1.9)		1.7 (1.1-2.8)^*		1.2 (0.6-2.4)
Moderately preterm		1.5 (1.1-2.0)^**		1.2 (0.9-1.6)		0.9 (0.6-1.3)		1.1 (0.8-1.5)		1.3 (0.8-2.0)
Very low birth weight		1.3 (0.8-2.2)		1.8 (1.2-2.9)^*		2.1 (1.2-3.5)^**		1.3 (0.8-2.1)		1.6 (0.8-3.1)
Moderately low birth weight		1 (0.8-1.3)		1.1 (0.8-1.4)		1.5 (1.1-1.9)^**		1 (0.8-1.3)		0.9 (0.6-1.3)
Congenital anomalies		1.4 (1.0-1.9)^*		1.4 (1.0-1.9)^*		1.5 (1.0-2.2)		1.3 (1.0-1.8)		1.1 (0.7-1.7)

Note. N = 5,487

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001