Table 3.

Effect of hesperidin treatment (500 mg/d for 3 wk) on circulating inflammatory markers and vascular adhesion molecules in study subjects who completed the entire study

Circulating biomarkers (n = 24)	Baseline	Placebo	Hesperidin	Treatment effect	P value
Inflammatory markers
hsCRP (mg/liter)	3.9 (2.0–6.5)	4.9 (2.3–7.4)	2.6 (1.1–5.7)	0.68 (0.51, 0.91)	0.01
SAA protein (mg/liter)	7.3 (5.6–6.1)	8.0 (5.6–11.2)	5.6 (3.2–7.8)	0.62 (0.47, 0.82)	0.001
Fibrinogen (mg/dl)	320 ± 14	330 ± 16	331 ± 15	0.60 (−19.9, 21.2)	0.94
Homocysteine (μm/liter)	11.9 (10.3–14.9)	13.6 (10.6–16.7)	13.0 (10.2–15.5)	0.95 (0.87, 1.05)	0.30
Vascular adhesion molecules (ng/ml)
VCAM	956 ± 29	976 ± 30	950 ± 27	−28 (−71, 16)	0.19
Intercellular adhesion molecule	291 ± 6	299 ± 7	294 ± 7	−4 (−19, 11)	0.59
sE-selectin	31 ± 2	31 ± 2	27 ± 2	−4 (−6, −1)	0.002

Values shown at baseline and after treatment with placebo or hesperidin are expressed as mean ± sem or median (25th-75th percentile). After subtracting baseline observations, comparison of various posttreatment parameters was performed using crossover ANOVA. This analysis takes into account specific treatment arm, treatment order, and treatment effects. Treatment effects are expressed as mean (95% CI) or ratio (95% CI). P values are for posttreatment comparisons (placebo vs. hesperidin).