Table 4.
Effect of hesperidin treatment (500 mg/d for 3 wk) on metabolic parameters in study subjects who completed the entire study
| Metabolic parameters (n = 24) | Baseline | Placebo | Hesperidin | Treatment effect | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 34.7 ± 1.5 | 34.7 ± 1.5 | 34.7 ± 1.5 | 0.004 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.95 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 112 ± 3 | 112 ± 3 | 112 ± 3 | 0.42 (−0.15, 0.98) | 0.14 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 132 ± 12 | 129 ± 7 | 126 ± 6 | −3.66 (−9.39, 2.05) | 0.19 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (μU/ml) | 21.3 ± 2.1 | 21.1 ± 1.9 | 20.2 ± 2.1 | −0.86 (−2.29, 0.56) | 0.22 |
| QUICKI | 0.298 ± 0.004 | 0.297 ± 0.003 | 0.300 ± 0.004 | 0.003 (−0.0002, 0.006) | 0.06 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.61 ± 0.24 | 6.63 ± 0.24 | 6.59 ± 0.24 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.12 |
| Lipids (mg/dl) | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 179 ± 8 | 185 ± 9 | 174 ± 8 | −11.4 (−21.6, −1.1) | 0.03 |
| LDL | 119 ± 8 | 122 ± 6 | 115 ± 6 | −7 (−16, 2) | 0.11 |
| ApoB | 90 ± 4 | 93 ± 4 | 88 ± 4 | −4.79 (−9.36, −0.22) | 0.04 |
| Lipoprotein [a] | 9.4 (2.5–21.7) | 12.0 (5.0–24.7) | 10.5 (5.0–26.5) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.20 |
| HDL | 37 ± 2 | 34 ± 2 | 35 ± 2 | 1.3 (−0.01, 2.51) | 0.05 |
| Apolipoprotein A-I | 134 ± 5 | 136 ± 7 | 137 ± 6 | 0.33 (−4.94, 5.61) | 0.89 |
| Triglycerides | 158 ± 11 | 179 ± 17 | 164 ± 10 | −15 (−44, 14) | 0.28 |
Values shown at baseline and after treatment with placebo or hesperidin are expressed as mean ± sem or median (25th-75th percentile). After subtracting baseline observations, comparison of various posttreatment parameters was performed using crossover ANOVA. This analysis takes into account specific treatment arm, treatment order, and treatment effects. Treatment effects are expressed as mean (95% CI) or ratio (95% CI). P values are for posttreatment comparisons (placebo vs. hesperidin).