Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Participants by Sex: All Participants
| n | Males 217 | Females 79 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.1 ± 8.3 | 46.0 ± 8.2 | 0.390 | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| Caucasian (%) | 49.8 | 22.8 | ||
| African American (%) | 28.1 | 62.0 | ||
| Mixed/Asian/Other (%) | 11.5 | 7.6 | ||
| Hispanic/Latino (%) | 10.6 | 7.6 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 4.8 | 29.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | |
| BMI <25 | 48.4 | 29.1 | 0.003 | |
| BMI 25–29.9 | 35.9 | 31.6 | 0.492 | |
| BMI ≥30 | 15.7 | 39.2 | <0.001 | |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 38.4 ± 2.8 | 34.5 ± 3.0 | <0.001 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 ± 12.2 | 93.8 ± 14.4 | 0.946 | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | |
| Waist-to-thigh ratio | 1.89 ± 0.21 | 1.77 ± 0.23 | <0.001 | |
| Central obesity (%)a | 61.3 | 64.6 | 0.608 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 16 | 124 ± 19 | 0.248 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 10.3 | 71.7 ± 11.2 | 0.005 | |
| Diabetes (%) | 6.0 (216) | 11.4 | 0.12 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 54.9 (213) | 54.5 (77) | 0.954 | |
| Metabolic syndrome (%)b | 28.1 (199) | 35.3 (68) | 0.266 | |
| Glucose > 110 mg/dL (%) | 16.9 | 37.2 | 0.004 | |
| Waist circumference >102 cm men; >88 cm women (%) | 20.7 | 59.5 | <0.001 | |
| TG ≥150 mg/dL (%) | 49.1 | 32.1 | 0.01 | |
| HDL-C <40 mg/dl men; <50 mg/dl women (%) | 40.7 | 42.3 | 0.805 | |
| Blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg (%) | 53.5 | 45.6 | 0.23 | |
| Framingham 10-year CHD risk (%)c | 7.6 ± 5.4 (201) | 4.6 ± 5.4 (77) | <0.0001 | |
| Relative riskd | 0.87 ± 0.52 | 1.03 ± 0.71 | 0.077 |
Values are percentages or means ± standard deviation (SD) with the numbers of subjects in parentheses.
Post hoc analysis (Bonferonni-adjusted) showed a significant difference between Caucasians and African Americans (P < 0.01) and African Americans versus Mixed/Asian/Other (P = 0.024).
As defined by the WHO.11
As defined by the ATP III guidelines.12
As defined by ref.20
The relative 10-year CHD risk was calculated by dividing an individual's risk score by the average value for a person of the same sex and age in the Framingham population.
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHD, coronary heart disease; WHO, World Health Organization.