Table 2.

Methods used to create bioactive glass scaffolds, and characteristics of the fabricated scaffolds.

Method	Glass	Porosity (%)	Pore size (µm)	Strength* (MPa)	Reference
Thermal bonding of
Particles	13–93	40–45	100–300	22 ± 1	[99]
Short fibers	13–93	45–50	>100	5	[127]
Polymer foam replication	45S5	89–92	510–720	0.4 ± 0.1	[63]
	13–93	75–85	100–500	11 ± 1	[102]
	13–93B3	80–85	100–500	5 ± 0.5	[66]
Sol–gel foam	70S30C	82	500 (100)*	2.4	[123]
Unidirectional freezing of suspensions	13–93	53–57	90–110	25 ± 3	[110]
	13–93	50–55	60–120	27 ± 8	[111]
	13–93	50	50–150	47 ± 5	[164]
Solid freeform fabrication
Selective laser sintering	13–93	58–60	700–1000	15 ± 1	[120]
Freeze extrusion fabrication	13–93	50	300	140 ± 70	[119]
Robocasting	6P53B	60	500	136 ± 22	[118]

^*Macropore diameter = 500 µm; interconnected pore diameter = 100 µm.