Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (n=341) by whether in the current study and distribution of cytokine concentrations in umbilical cord serum (n=272), THREE Study, 2004–2005
| In study (n=297)a | Not in study (n=44)b | Pheterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Maternal age | |||
| <18 | 25 (8.4) | 4 (9.1) | 0.960 |
| 18–35 | 248 (83.5) | 36 (81.8) | |
| >35 | 24 (8.1) | 4 (9.1) | |
| Maternal race | |||
| African-American | 210 (70.7) | 25 (56.8) | 0.152 |
| Asian | 23 (7.7) | 4 (9.1) | |
| Caucasian | 64 (21.6) | 15 (34.1) | |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 123 (41.4) | 28 (63.6) | 0.006 |
| 1+ | 174 (58.6) | 16 (36.4) | |
| Smoked cigarettes during pregnancy | |||
| No | 241 (81.4) | 39 (90.7) | 0.134 |
| Yes | 55 (18.6) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Infant gender | |||
| Female | 132 (44.4) | 18 (40.9) | 0.659 |
| Male | 165 (55.6) | 26 (59.1) | |
| Hypertension during pregnancy | |||
| No | 266 (89.6) | 36 (81.8) | 0.132 |
| Yes | 31 (10.4) | 8 (18.2) | |
| Intrapartum fever | |||
| No | 274 (93.2) | 42 (95.4) | 0.571 |
| Yes | 20 (6.8) | 2 (4.6) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Pt-test (two-sided) | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 (6.8) | 27.5 (8.8) | 0.380 |
| Gestational age (days) | 271.8 (13.8) | 268.8 (18.5) | 0.208 |
| Birthweight (grams) | 3191 (594) | 2962 (662) | 0.019 |
| Birth length (cm) | 49.8 (3.1) | 49.1 (3.6) | 0.099 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 33.4 (1.9) | 33.1 (2.6) | 0.249 |
| Ponderal index (grams/cm3) | 2.57 (0.49) | 2.47 (0.26) | 0.202 |
| Geometric | Percentile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine | Mean, pg/mL | 10th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 90th |
| IL-1βc | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.99 |
| IL-2 | 1.76 | 0.94 | 1.33 | 1.81 | 2.39 | 3.12 |
| IL-6 | 4.94 | 1.88 | 2.59 | 3.67 | 6.50 | 17.38 |
| IL-8 | 8.08 | 3.77 | 5.00 | 6.97 | 10.64 | 17.18 |
| IL-10c | 1.41 | 0.62 | 0.94 | 1.48 | 2.20 | 2.78 |
| IL-12p70 | 1.87 | 1.15 | 1.43 | 1.88 | 2.41 | 2.97 |
| IFN-γ | 1.95 | 1.17 | 1.44 | 1.85 | 2.58 | 3.47 |
| TNF-α | 4.61 | 3.35 | 3.95 | 4.52 | 5.40 | 6.28 |
| GM-CSF | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 1.12 | 1.59 |
a
Individuals for whom pesticides in cord serum were analyzed
b
Individuals for whom cord serum had insufficient volume for analyses (n=41) or pesticides were unsuccessfully analyzed (n=3)
c
For IL-1β and IL-10, data on two subjects were missing.