Table 1.
Imaging modality | Outcome parameter | Reproducibility(ICC) | Predictive value of future CVD | Correlation with HDL-C | HDL-C–raising drugs investigated | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vessel wall thickening | US | IMT | >0.90 [3] | HR 1.15 per 0.10 mm IMT difference [4] | Yes [5–7] | Niacin [8, 9, 10••, 11, 12], torcetrapib [13] |
Plaque vulnerability | MRI | MWA or NWI | >0.95 [17] | Under investigation [23] | Yes [24•] | Niacin [27], dalcetrapib |
MRI | AHA plaque type, LRNC, IPH, calcification | >0.90 [18] | HR 5–17 for presence of IPH or plaque rupture [19, 20, 21, 22•] | No [25, 26] | Niacin [28] | |
Endothelial function | US | FMD (%) | >0.85 [29] | HR 0.84–0.91 per SD of FMD [30, 31••] | Yes [30, 32] | Niacin [33, 34], rHDL [35, 36], dalcetrapib [37] |
Vessel wall inflammation | FDG-PET | SUV or TBR | >0.90 [46] | Under investigation [23] | Yes [44, 45] | Dalcetrapib |
AHA—American Heart Association; CVD—cardiovascular disease; FDG-PET—18F-fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; FMD—flow-mediated vasodilatation; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR—hazard ratio; ICC— intraclass correlation coefficient; IMT—intima-media thickness; IPH—intraplaque hemorrhage; LRNC—lipid-rich necrotic core; MWA—mean wall area; NWI—normalized wall index; rHDL—reconstituted high-density lipoprotein; SUV—standard uptake value; TBR—target-to-background ratio; US—ultrasound.