Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample
| Variable | Subjects Without T2DM (n = 803) | Subjects With T2DM (n = 611) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48 (42–54) | 60 (54–68) | <0.001 |
| Men | 52.8% | 71.4% | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use | 67.8% | 58.4% | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 11.3% | 8.4% | 0.07 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 48 (39–59) | 45 (37–53) | <0.001 |
| ApoA-I (mg/dl) | 128 (110–150) | 124 (113–137) | <0.001 |
| ApoA-II (mg/dl) | 34 (31–37) | 32 (29–35) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 205 (177–228) | 174 (152–198) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 117 (87–159) | 134 (92–197) | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 126 (103–148) | 97 (79–119) | <0.001 |
| ApoB (mg/dl) | 98 (84–114) | 82 (71–94) | <0.001 |
| ApoB/apoA-I ratio | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 0.66 (0.55–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
| Systolic | 126 (117–136) | 131 (122–140) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 77 (72–84) | 75 (71–81) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27 (24–30) | 32 (28–36) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89 (81–99) | 107 (98–117) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 25.8% | 76.6% | <0.001 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 8.4 (4.5–16.4) | 11.7 (6.5–20.9) | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 16.4 (11.6–24.6) | 9.1 (6.1–14.9) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 4.2 (2.8–6.2) | <0.001 |
| High-sensitivity | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | 1.6 (0.8–3.4) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | |||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.34 |
| 10-year Framingham risk | 5% (3%–8%) | 13% (8%–20%) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| Statin | 14.0% | 57.5% | <0.001 |
| Niacin | 3.0% | 5.6% | 0.02 |
| Fibrate | 1.1% | 10.0% | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 14.9% | ||
| Metformin | 63.8% | ||
| Thiazolidinedione | 27.3% | ||
| Sulfonylurea | 40.3% | ||
| Hormone replacement therapy (women) | 28.2% | 45.1% | <0.001 |
| CAC | 3 (0–45) | 89 (1–456) | <0.001 |
| >0 | 68.9% | 75.3% | 0.008 |
| >100 | 16.4% | 49.1% | <0.001 |
| ln(CAC) if CAC >0 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 5.2 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range), percentages, or mean ± SD. As a reference, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III5 classifies HDL cholesterol levels <40 mg/dl as “low” and ≥60 mg/dl as “high”; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl are classified as “optimal,” 100 to 129 mg/dl as “near or above optimal,” 130 to 159 mg/dl as “borderline high,” 160 to 189 mg/dl as “high,” and ≥190 mg/dl as “very high.” Regarding apolipoprotein reference values, the 2009 Canadian guidelines6 identify an apolipoprotein B level <80 mg/dl and an apolipoprotein B/apo A-I ratio <0.8 as therapeutic targets.
apo = apolipoprotein; CAC = coronary artery calcium; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.