Table 2.

Association of plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and its apolipoproteins with coronary calcium in tobit multivariable models

Variables Adjusted for	Ratio in Subjects Without T2DM (95% CI)		Ratio in Subjects With T2DM (95% CI)
	(n = 803)	p Value	(n = 611)	p Value
HDL cholesterol
Age, gender	0.72 (0.59–0.88)	0.001	0.58 (0.44–0.77)	<0.001
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF	0.89 (0.70–1.11)	0.30	0.72 (0.51–1.02)	0.07
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF, HOMA-IR	0.90 (0.72–1.14)	0.40	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	0.36
ApoA-I
Age, gender	0.79 (0.66–0.94)	0.01	0.64 (0.45–0.90)	0.01
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF	0.86 (0.71–1.04)	0.11	0.82 (0.57–1.16)	0.26
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF, HOMA-IR	0.88 (0.73–1.07)	0.19	0.92 (0.63–1.32)	0.64
ApoA-II
Age, gender	0.87 (0.72–1.05)	0.16	0.96 (0.76–1.21)	0.75
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF	0.83 (0.68–1.01)	0.06	0.88 (0.68–1.13)	0.32
Age, gender, medications, BP, LDL-C, tob, EtOH, exercise, FH, RF, HOMA-IR	0.83 (0.69–1.01)	0.06	0.91 (0.70–1.18)	0.49

Results of tobit regression are presented as the ratio of increase in CAC score for 1-SD increases in HDL cholesterol (14.70 mg/dl), apoA-I (26.16 mg/dl), or apoA-II (4.86 mg/dl); SD for pooled cohort standardizes comparison across T2DM status. Medications included statins, niacin, fibrates, insulin, metformin, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, and hormone replacement therapy.

apo = apolipoprotein; BP = systolic and diastolic blood pressures; EtOH = alcohol use; FH = family history of premature CHD; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF = other risk factors (triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, adiponectin, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein); tob = tobacco use.