Table 1.

Chemotherapy and the immunobiology of the tumor microenvironment

Tumor Effect	Immunologic Effect
Debulk tumor cells	Achieve a favorable balance between tumor cells and immune effectors
Tumor cell apoptosis	Enhance antigen presentation
Vascular normalization	Increased delivery of immune effectors
Modulation of gene expression	Increased expression of tumor antigens Increased expression of costimulatory molecules Decreased expression of counterregulatory molecules Increased display of cell-surface calreticulin