Table 3.
Factors Associated with Anal Canal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Women (MSW) and Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the HPV in Men (HIM) Study, 2005–2009: multivariable analyses
| MSW: OR (95% CI) |
MSM: OR (95% CI) |
|||||
| Factor | Any HPVa | Oncogenicb | Nononcogenicc | Any HPVd | Oncogenice | Nononcogenice |
| Age, years | ||||||
| 18–30 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 31–44 | 1.03 (.66–1.60) | .96 (.54–1.69) | 1.21 (.64–2.30) | .51 (.23–1.09) | .35 (.16–.79) | 1.34 (.59–3.04) |
| 45–70 | .81 (.41–1.62) | .74 (.28–1.99) | 1.15 (.45–2.94) | .20 (.04–.94) | .52 (.12–2.19) | -f |
| Lifetime no. of female sex partners | ||||||
| 0–2 women | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 3–9 women | 1.69 (.87–2.30) | 2.21 (.89–5.51) | 1.13 (.47–2.74) | 1.40 (.58–3.41) | 1.50 (.62–3.65) | .91 (.33–2.51) |
| ≥10 women | 2.85 (1.44–5.67) | 3.18 (1.24–8.20) | 2.26 (.94–5.44) | 1.00 (.28–3.52) | .63 (.14–2.79) | 1.73 (.33–8.93) |
| Lifetime no. of male anal sex partners | ||||||
| 0–2 men | n/a | n/a | n/a | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 3–9 men | n/a | n/a | n/a | 3.73 (1.00–13.97) | 3.21 (.81–12.66) | 5.70 (.67–48.84) |
| ≥10 men | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2.39 (.57–10.07) | 3.78 (.92–15.48) | 4.83 (.57–40.81) |
| No. of recent male anal sex partners | ||||||
| 0 men | n/a | n/a | n/a | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 man | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.78 (.48–6.56) | 1.20 (.41–3.52) | 5.94 (1.53–23.10) |
| ≥2 men | n/a | n/a | n/a | 4.99 (1.46–16.97) | 3.19 (1.24–8.25) | 3.68 (1.08–12.51) |
| Length of relationship with primary sex partner | ||||||
| No primary relationship | 1.97 (1.00–3.88) | 2.94 (1.18–7.32) | 1.45 (.58–3.64) | .90 (.23–3.46) | .90 (.20–4.14) | 1.00 (.16–6.22) |
| <1 year | 2.00 (1.05–3.80) | 2.28 (.95–5.48) | 1.80 (.77–4.20) | 1.55 (.37–6.40) | 1.64 (.34–7.92) | 1.03 (.15–6.96) |
| 1–4 years | 1.39 (.69–2.78) | 1.41 (.53–3.76) | 1.70 (.70–4.17) | 4.35 (.87–21.72) | 1.93 (.37–10.13) | 2.33 (.34–15.81) |
| 5–10 years | 1.60 (.85–3.00) | 1.91 (.80–4.56) | 1.30 (.55–3.04) | .63 (.12–3.25) | .87 (.15–5.24) | .41 (.03–5.82) |
| >10 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Frequency of condom use for recent anal sex with women or men | ||||||
| Always | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Sometimes | 1.41 (.60–3.31) | 1.05 (.37–2.96) | 2.20 (.53–9.14) | 2.14 (.82–5.58) | 1.83 (.77–4.35) | 1.13 (.42–3.04) |
| Never | .83 (.36–1.92) | .50 (.17–1.45) | 1.78 (.45–6.97) | 6.07 (1.47–24.97) | 1.81 (.58–5.68) | 1.95 (.51–7.50) |
| No recent anal sex | 1.15 (.58–2.28) | 0.87 (.39–1.93) | 1.85 (.55–6.26) | .76 (.16–3.62) | .36 (.09–1.45) | .29 (.06–1.52) |
| Ever hepatitis B diagnosis | ||||||
| Yes | 4.64 (1.60–13.46) | 5.39 (1.58–18.40) | 2.03 (.45–9.13) | 1.25 (.28–5.59) | .27 (.03–2.35) | 3.43 (.70–16.76) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former | .78 (.48–1.27) | .43 (.19–.97) | 1.13 (.59–2.16) | .60 (.22–1.67) | .81 (.27–2.38) | .48 (.10–2.38) |
| Current | 1.34 (.90–2.00) | 1.05 (.60–1.85) | 1.34 (.75–2.40) | 1.19 (.53–2.65) | .77 (.33–1.84) | 1.66 (.67–4.09) |
NOTE. Any HPV cases are positive for at least 1 of 37 HPV types. Oncogenic type cases are positive for at least 1 of 13 oncogenic HPV types, regardless of the presence of nononcogenic types. Nononcogenic cases are positive for at least 1 of 24 nononcogenic types and have no coinfection with oncogenic types. Each model is adjusted by confounders, which are clinic and number of recent female sex partners. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; n/a, not applicable.
Variables remaining in the model were lifetime number of female sex partners, length of relationship with primary sex partner, and any hepatitis B diagnosis. Their ORs were adjusted by confounders and variables remaining in the model. Smoking status and frequency of condom use for recent anal sex are included only for comparison purposes and are adjusted only by confounders.
Variables remaining in the model were lifetime number of female sex partners, length of relationship with primary sex partner, ever hepatitis B diagnosis, and smoking status. Their ORs are adjusted by confounders and variables remaining in the model. Frequency of condom use for recent anal sex is included only for comparison purposes and is adjusted only by confounders.
No variables were significant in the final model. Each estimate is included only for comparison purposes and is adjusted only by confounders.
Variables remaining in the model were number of recent male anal sex partners and frequency of condom use for recent anal sex. Their ORs are adjusted by confounders and variables remaining in the model. Other variables are included only for comparison purposes and are adjusted only by confounders.
Variable remaining in the model was number of recent male anal sex partners. Its ORs are adjusted by confounders. Other variables are included only for comparison purposes and are adjusted only by confounders.
Sparse data for the nononcogenic outcome resulted in an unstable estimate.