Table 5.
Risk factors for prevalent detection of HPV DNA in external genital swabs (A) and anal swabs (B) at enrollment among men who have sex with men
| A. External Genital Sites | ||||
| Risk Factor | Prevalent Detection of HPV 6/11/16/18 DNAin External Genital Swabs |
Prevalent Detection of Any Tested HPV DNAin External Genital Swabs* |
||
| % (no. with infection/no. of subjects) | Odds Ratio(95%CI) | % (no. with infection/no. of subjects) | Odds Ratio(95%CI) | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–20 | 15.6 (27/173) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | 24.3 (42/173) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
| 21–-27 | 9.8 (41/417) | 1.0 | 22.3 (93/417) | 1.0 |
| Tobacco use on day 1 | ||||
| Never used | 10.4 (31/297) | 1.0 | 20.9 (62/297) | 1.0 |
| Current user | 16.4 (9/55) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 25.5 (14/55) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) |
| Ex-user | 11.8 (28/238) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 24.8 (59/238) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Sex history with MALE partners on day 1 | ||||
| Age at first intercourse | ||||
| <15 | 16.1 (9/56) | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) | 25.0 (14/56) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) |
| 15–19 | 11.8 (43/363) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 23.7 (86/363) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| ≥20 | 10.9 (16/147) | 1.0 | 23.1 (34/147) | 1.0 |
| Lifetime sex partners | ||||
| ≤1 | 10.4 (7/67) | 1.0 | 14.9 (10/67) | 1.0 |
| 2 | 12.4 (12/97) | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | 23.7 (23/97) | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) |
| 3–6 | 12.3 (49/400) | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) | 25.3 (101/400) | 2.0 (0.9–4.6) |
| Frequency of lifetime condom use | ||||
| Never | 9.7 (3/31) | 0.8 (0.2–2.9) | 19.4 (6/31) | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) |
| Less than half of the time | 10.3 (6/58) | 0.9 (0.3–2.2) | 22.4 (13/58) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
| Always/More than half of the time | 12.4 (59/477) | 1.0 | 24.1 (115/477) | 1.0 |
| Circumcision | ||||
| No | 11.5 (38/331) | 1.0 | 26.3 (87/331) | 1.0 |
| Yes | 11.6 (30/259) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 18.5 (48/259) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) |
| Region | ||||
| Australia | 7.1 (6/84) | 1.0 | 13.1 (11/84) | 1.0 |
| Europe | 17.2 (21/122) | 3.2 (1.2–8.6) | 31.1 (38/122) | 3.3 (1.5–7.0) |
| Latin America | 13.6 (18/132) | 2.3 (0.8–6.3) | 36.4 (48/132) | 4.4 (2.1–9.3) |
| North America | 9.1 (23/252) | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) | 15.1 (38/252) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) |
| B. Anal Canal | ||||
| Risk Factor | Prevalent Detection of HPV 6/11/16/18 DNA in Anal Swabs |
Prevalent Detection of Any Tested HPV DNA in Anal Swabs* |
||
| % (no. with infection/no. of subjects) | Odds Ratio(95%CI) | % (no. with infection/no. of subjects) | Odds Ratio(95%CI) | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–20 | 21.6 (37/171) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 34.5 (59/171) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
| 21–27 | 26.7 (111/416) | 1.0 | 45.7 (190/416) | 1.0 |
| Tobacco use on day 1 | ||||
| Never used | 20.3 (60/295) | 1.0 | 36.3 (107/295) | 1.0 |
| Current user | 22.2 (12/54) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 33.3 (18/54) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
| Ex-user | 31.9 (76/238) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 52.1 (124/238) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) |
| Sex history with MALE partners on day 1 | ||||
| Age at first intercourse | ||||
| <15 | 23.6 (13/55) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 47.3 (26/55) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
| 15–19 | 28.3 (102/360) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 45.8 (165/360) | 1.0 (0.7–1.7) |
| ≥20 | 22.3 (33/148) | 1.0 | 39.2 (58/148) | 1.0 |
| Lifetime sex partners | ||||
| ≤1 | 11.8 (8/68) | 1.0 | 17.6 (12/68) | 1.0 |
| 2 | 22.4 (22/98) | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | 37.8 (37/98) | 2.7 (1.2–6.0) |
| 3–6 | 29.9 (118/395) | 2.5 (1.0–6.0) | 50.4 (199/395) | 3.8 (1.8–8.0) |
| Frequency of lifetime condom use | ||||
| Never | 16.1 (5/31) | 1.0 (0.3–2.9) | 35.5 (11/31) | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) |
| Less than half of the time | 22.0 (13/59) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 32.2 (19/59) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
| Always/More than half time | 27.5 (130/473) | 1.0 | 46.3 (219/473) | 1.0 |
| Circumcision | ||||
| No | 31.0 (101/326) | 1.0 | 50.6 (165/326) | 1.0 |
| Yes | 18.0 (47/261) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 32.2 (84/261) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
| Region | ||||
| Australia | 31.7 (26/82) | 1.0 | 42.7 (35/82) | 1.0 |
| Europe | 34.7 (42/121) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 61.2 (74/121) | 2.1 (1.1–3.7) |
| Latin America | 30.8 (40/130) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 56.9 (74/130) | 1.7 (1.0–3.1) |
| North America | 15.7 (40/254) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 26.0 (66/254) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
NOTE. CI,confidence interval.
*
HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. The multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted for geographic area of residence, age, tobacco use, age at first sexual intercourse with a male partner, number of lifetime sexual partners, number of new partners in the past 6 months, and circumcision history.