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Effect of ECAD overexpression on Smad activity. (A) Immunoblots of phosphorylated Smad3 and Smad2. MEFs stably transfected with ECAD or LX-2 cells infected with ECAD were treated with TGFβ1 (5 ng/mL). (B) Smad and TGFβ1 reporter gene activities. The data are the means and standard errors of three separate experiments [significantly different in comparison with a mock transfection (left) or a Smad3 transfection (right): **P < 0.01].
