Table 1.
Adjusted* Mean or Prevalence, Nutrients Intakes and Other Variables, by Category of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake, INTERMAP USA and UK Participants (N=2,696)
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero (N=808) | ≤1 serving/day† (N=1,153) |
>1 serving/day† (N=735) |
|||
| Variable | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | F-score | P-value |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, ml/1,000 kcal | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 69.1 (62.2, 76.0) | 288.2 (279.7, 296.6) | --- | --- |
| Diet beverages, ml/1,000 kcal | 151.8 (136.9, 166.7) | 69.1 (54.3, 84.0) | 2.0 (0, 20.2) | 129.87 | <0.001 |
| Energy, kcal/24-h | 2043 (1994, 2092) | 2163 (2114, 2212) | 2440 (2380, 2499) | 86.59 | <0.001 |
| Fructose, % kcal | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.3) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.7) | 635.65 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, % kcal | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) | 7.3 (7.1, 7.5) | 643.62 | <0.001 |
| Sucrose, % kcal | 9.2 (8.7, 9.6) | 10.1 (9.6, 10.5) | 11.5 (11.0, 12.1) | 40.74 | <0.001 |
| Starch, % kcal | 25.5 (25.1, 26.0) | 24.3 (23.8, 24.8) | 20.9 (20.4, 21.5) | 132.91 | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g/1,000 kcal | 11.8 (11.6, 12.1) | 10.8 (10.5, 11.1) | 9.1 (8.7, 9.4) | 124.25 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein, % kcal | 10.5 (10.2, 10.8) | 10.2 (9.9, 10.4) | 9.6 (9.3, 10.0) | 12.76 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable protein, % kcal | 6.2 (6.0, 6.3) | 5.7 (5.6, 5.9) | 4.9 (4.7, 5.0) | 145.91 | <0.001 |
| Total SFA, % kcal | 11.2 (10.9, 11.5) | 11.2 (11.0, 11.5) | 10.9 (10.6, 11.3) | 2.33 | 0.10 |
| Total MFA, % kcal | 11.5 (11.3, 11.8) | 11.6 (11.4, 11.9) | 11.3 (11.0, 11.6) | 3.02 | 0.049 |
| Total PFA, % kcal | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | 6.7 (6.5, 6.9) | 6.4 (6.2, 6.6) | 4.75 | 0.009 |
| Omega-3 PFA, % kcal | 0.75 (0.72, 0.77) | 0.75 (0.73, 0.78) | 0.69 (0.66, 0.72) | 10.49 | <0.001 |
| Omega-6 PFA, % kcal | 5.9 (5.8, 6.1) | 6.0 (5.9, 6.2) | 5.7 (5.5, 6.0) | 4.65 | 0.01 |
| Trans-fatty acids, % kcal | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 1.32 | 0.27 |
| Dietary cholesterol, mg/1,000 kcal | 126.9 (121.9, 131.9) | 127.4 (122.4, 132.4) | 131.2 (125.1, 137.3) | 1.16 | 0.31 |
| Keys dietary lipid score‡ | 37.7 (36.9, 38.6) | 37.8 (36.9, 38.6) | 37.7 (36.6, 38.7) | 0.02 | 0.98 |
| Phosphorus, mg/1,000 kcal | 679.5 (669.4, 689.6) | 635.9 (625.9, 646.0) | 567.2 (554.9, 579.5) | 158.19 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium, mg/1,000 kcal | 166.8 (163.8, 169.8) | 153.5 (150.5, 156.5) | 126.5 (122.8, 130.2) | 232.14 | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/1,000 kcal | 444.1 (432.6, 455.6) | 412.3 (400.8, 423.8) | 350.2 (336.2, 364.3) | 86.22 | <0.001 |
| Iron, mg/1,000 kcal | 7.8 (7.6, 8.0) | 7.2 (7.0, 7.4) | 5.8 (5.6, 6.1) | 118.01 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C, mg/1,000 kcal | 48.8 (45.8, 51.7) | 50.5 (47.6, 53.5) | 47.7 (44.1, 51.3) | 1.59 | 0.20 |
| Caffeine, mg/1,000 kcal | 151.1 (140.4, 161.9) | 120.4 (109.7, 131.1) | 91.4 (78.2, 104.5) | 39.15 | <0.001 |
| 14-day alcohol, g/24-h | 10.8 (9.5, 12.1) | 10.1 (8.9, 11.4) | 8.6 (7.1, 10.2) | 3.93 | 0.02 |
| Urinary sodium, mmol/24-h | 156.0 (151.3, 160.8) | 154.7 (149.9, 159.4) | 153.1 (147.3, 158.9) | 0.47 | 0.63 |
| Urinary potassium, mmol/24-h | 66.2 (64.5, 67.8) | 62.5 (60.9, 64.2) | 56.0 (53.9, 58.0) | 47.96 | <0.001 |
| Urinary sodium/potassium ratio | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 40.47 | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 50.4 (49.9, 50.8) | 49.9 (49.5, 50.4) | 48.6 (48.0, 49.2) | 19.09 | <0.001 |
| Education, years completed | 13.8 (13.6, 14.1) | 13.6 (13.3, 13.8) | 12.9 (12.6, 13.2) | 19.27 | <0.001 |
| Moderate and heavy physical activity, hours/24-h | 2.3 (2.1, 2.6) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.7) | 3.4 (3.0, 3.7) | 23.99 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 (27.9, 28.9) | 28.6 (28.1, 29.1) | 30.2 (29.6, 30.8) | 22.35 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118.8 (117.6, 120.0) | 119.5 (118.3, 120.6) | 122.5 (121.1, 123.9) | 14.54 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.5 (72.7, 74.3) | 74.0 (73.2, 74.9) | 75.5 (74.5, 76.5) | 8.13 | <0.001 |
|
|
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| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | F-score | P | |
|
|
|||||
| Obese§ | 31.4 (27.4, 35.5) | 32.5 (28.5, 36.5) | 44.8 (39.9, 49.8) | 17.87 | <0.001 |
| Hypertensive∥ | 28.7 (25.0, 32.4) | 29.5 (25.8, 33.2) | 34.5 (30.0, 39.0) | 3.82 | 0.02 |
*
Estimated by analysis of variance and least squares means. Adjusted for country, sex, (age), special diet, supplement use, CVD or diabetes diagnosis, (physical activity), family history of high BP.
†
1 serving = 355 ml/24-h.
‡
Keys dietary lipid score = 1.35×(2×SFA [%kcal]–PFA [%kcal])+1. 5×√cholesterol [mg/1,000kcal].
§
Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.
∥
SBP ≥140 mm Hg, or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or taking antihypertensive medication for high blood pressure.
SFA=saturated fatty acids; MFA=monounsaturated fatty acids; PFA=polyunsaturated fatty acids.