Table 2.
Estimated Mean Difference in Blood Pressure (mm Hg), Sugar-Sweetened Beverage or Diet Beverage Intake Higher by 1 Serving/day (355 ml/24-h), Regressed Separately in Sequential Models, INTERMAP USA and UK Participants (N=2,696)
| Systolic Blood Pressure | Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not adjusted for Weight, Height |
Adjusted for Weight, Height |
Not adjusted for Weight, Height |
Adjusted for Weight, Height |
|||||||||
| Beverage | Difference | Difference | Difference | Difference | ||||||||
| Model | mm Hg | (95% CI) | Z | mm Hg | (95% CI) | Z | mm Hg | (95% CI) | Z | mm Hg | (95% CI) | Z |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1.26 | (0.68, 1.84) | 4.28 | 1.05 | (0.50, 1.60) | 3.74 | 0.61 | (0.21, 1.01) | 3.02 | 0.49 | (0.11, 0.87) | 2.51 |
| 2 | 1.35 | (0.75, 1.95) | 4.38 | 0.94 | (0.36, 1.52) | 3.20 | 0.61 | (0.20, 1.02) | 2.90 | 0.37 | (−0.03, 0.77) | 1.81 |
| 3 | 1.60 | (0.97, 2.23) | 4.98 | 1.05 | (0.44, 1.66) | 3.40 | 0.76 | (0.32, 1.20) | 3.42 | 0.43 | (0.004, 0.86) | 1.98 |
| 4a (Veg protein) | 1.36 | (0.67, 2.05) | 3.87 | 0.99 | (0.33, 1.65) | 2.95 | 0.58 | (0.11, 1.05) | 2.42 | 0.36 | (−0.10, 0.82) | 1.54 |
| 4b (Calcium) | 1.42 | (0.78, 2.06) | 4.36 | 0.91 | (0.29, 1.53) | 2.90 | 0.66 | (0.22, 1.10) | 2.95 | 0.35 | (−0.08, 0.78) | 1.61 |
| 4c (Magnesium) | 1.25 | (0.57, 1.93) | 3.59 | 0.96 | (0.30, 1.62) | 2.86 | 0.60 | (0.13, 1.07) | 2.52 | 0.43 | (−0.03, 0.89) | 1.83 |
| 4d (Phosphorus) | 1.41 | (0.76, 2.06) | 4.25 | 0.90 | (0.27, 1.53) | 2.82 | 0.63 | (0.18, 1.08) | 2.77 | 0.33 | (−0.11, 0.77) | 1.47 |
| 4e (Caffeine) | 1.61 | (0.98, 2.24) | 4.98 | 1.08 | (0.47, 1.69) | 3.49 | 0.74 | (0.31, 1.17) | 3.36 | 0.43 | (0.01, 0.85) | 2.00 |
| Diet beverages | ||||||||||||
| 1 | −0.27 | (−0.78, 0.24) | −1.03 | −0.68 | (−1.16, −0.20) | −2.75 | −0.26 | (−0.60, 0.08) | −1.49 | −0.50 | (−0.83, −0.17) | −2.94 |
| 2 | −0.32 | (−0.82, 0.18) | −1.25 | −0.58 | (−1.07, −0.09) | −2.34 | −0.28 | (−0.63, 0.07) | −1.59 | −0.43 | (−0.76, −0.10) | −2.52 |
| 3 | −0.35 | (−0.86, 0.16) | −1.34 | −0.58 | (−1.07, −0.09) | −2.32 | −0.30 | (−0.65, 0.05) | −1.70 | −0.44 | (−0.78, −0.10) | −2.52 |
| 4a (Veg protein) | −0.28 | (−0.80, 0.24) | −1.06 | −0.54 | (−1.03, −0.05) | −2.17 | −0.26 | (−0.61, 0.09) | −1.46 | −0.42 | (−0.76, −0.08) | −2.40 |
| 4b (Calcium) | −0.31 | (−0.83, 0.21) | −1.17 | −0.54 | (−1.03, −0.05) | −2.15 | −0.28 | (−0.63, 0.07) | −1.57 | −0.42 | (−0.76, −0.08) | −2.40 |
| 4c (Magnesium) | −0.28 | (−0.79, 0.23) | −1.08 | −0.55 | (−1.04, −0.06) | −2.18 | −0.27 | (−0.62, 0.08) | −1.53 | −0.43 | (−0.77, −0.09) | −2.48 |
| 4d (Phosphorus) | −0.22 | (−0.74, 0.30) | −0.83 | −0.48 | (−0.97, 0.01) | −1.91 | −0.22 | (−0.57, 0.13) | −1.23 | −0.38 | (−0.72, −0.04) | −2.16 |
| 4e (Caffeine) | −0.36 | (−0.87, 0.15) | −1.38 | −0.60 | (−1.09, −0.11) | −2.41 | −0.30 | (−0.65, 0.05) | −1.68 | −0.44 | (−0.78, −0.10) | −2.55 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, sample, special diet, supplement use, history of CVD/diabetes, physical activity, family history of high BP, energy intake. Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 variables + urinary Na, urinary K, 14-day alcohol. Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 variables + dietary cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids. Model 4a–4e: adjusted for Model 3 variables + (a) vegetable protein, (b) calcium, (c) magnesium, (d) phosphorus, (e) caffeine.
Z-score = regression coefficient/standard error; Z ≥1.96, uncorrected P ≤0.05; Z ≥2.58, uncorrected P ≤0.01; Z ≥3.29, P≤ =0.001.
No significant USA-UK difference detected, P <0.05.