Bile acids induce acidification that is mediated by inhibition of the sodium–hydrogen exchanger (NHE). (A) BA-induced changes in pHi (Delta;pHi) in CP-A cells at 10 min of treatment. The results show mean±SEM of data from at least three independent experiments. (##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 compared to baseline, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 compared to 0.5 mM BA). (B) Representative pHi traces demonstrating the effect of 0.5 mM BA +/− the NHE inhibitor DMA and +/− the NOS inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 1400W. The vertical transparent red box indicates values used to quantify Delta;pHi. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. BA, bile acid cocktail; DMA, dimethyl amiloride.