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GDF-15 expression in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma levels of GDF-15 are significantly higher in subjects with SSc-PAH (422.3 ± 369.5 pg/mL, n = 30) than in those with SSc-no PAH (108.1 ± 192.8 pg/mL, n = 24). GDF = growth differentiation factor; SSc-PAH = systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension; SSc-no PAH = systemic sclerosis without pulmonary arterial hypertension.
