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Mandels k-statistic plots, illustrating intra-laboratory variability in analytical results for plasma creatinine for each of 10 European laboratories (1-10). Every bar represents the k-value of one sample that has been analyzed 3 times in different batches. A high k-value indicates a high intra-laboratory variance. The horizontal line defines the 1% α-significance level. A: 10 healthy dogs, B: 10 dogs with expected intermediate values and C: 10 azotemic dogs.
