Table 2. Peptides that mimic other apolipoproteins.

Name	In vitro effects		Peptide-lipoprotein association and vascular effects	Effect on atherosclerosisa	Study
	ABCA1 cholesterol efflux	Monocyte chemotactic assay
apoJ fragment peptide
[336–357]apoJ	N/A	b	N/A	No effect	Navab et al. [8]
[113–122]apoJ	N/A	b	Associates with late HDL	↓ AR (oral D-peptide) 30-wk apoE-/- mice on chow diet treated for 24 wk	Navab et al. [8]
		Either L- or D-amino acids	Increases PON activity		Navab et al. [16••]
SAA fragment peptidesc
Functional as L-amino acid-based peptides
mSAA1.1 (1–20)	↑ Efflux 4×	N/A	N/A	N/A	Tam et al. [38]
mSAA2.1 (1–20)d	↑ Efflux 8×	N/A	No effect	↓ en face lesion (IV peptide/liposome) in 14-wk apoE-/- mice on HFD + cholate treated for 2 wk	Tam et al. [38]
mSAA2.1 (74–103)d	↑ Efflux 8×	N/A	No effect	↓ en face lesion in 14-wk apoE-/- mice on HFD + cholate treated for 2 wk	Tam et al. [38]
hSAA1.1/2.1 (1–23)	↑ Efflux 8×	N/A	N/A	N/A	Tam et al. [38]
Tetrapeptides
Functional as D- or L-amino acid-based peptides
KRES	N/A	b	Associates with HDL Increases PON activity	↓ AR lesion after 12 wk (oral peptide) treatment in 18-wk apoE-/- mice	Navab et al. [39]
KERS	N/A	No effect	No HDL binding	No effect	Navab et al. [39]
			No effect on HDL levels or PON activity
FREL	N/A	b	Associates with HDL Increases PON activity and HDL cholesterol	↓ AR lesion after 12 wk (oral peptide) treatment in 18-wk apoE-/- mice	Navab et al. [39]

^aAnalyzed in female mice unless noted

^bPromotes cholesterol efflux or is anti-inflammatory in the monocyte chemotaxis assay

^cOnly active in vitro or in vivo when administered as part of POPC/cholesterol liposome

^dSynergistic effects seen for both efflux and atherosclerosis prevention when using mSAA2.1 (1–20) and mSAA2.1 (74–103) together

ABCA1 ATP binding-cassette A1, apo apolipoprotein, AR aortic root, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HFD high-fat diet, IV intravenous, N/A not available, PON paraoxonase, POPC palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidyl choline