Table 2.
Baseline characteristics categorized by coffee consumption (n=2332)
| 0 time/wk (n=1434) |
<1time/wk (n=437) |
1~6 times/wk (n=321) |
≥7times/wk (n=140) |
p value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n, %) | 691(48.2%) | 212(48.5%) | 160(49.8%) | 70(50.0%) | 0.939 |
| Age (years) | 58.7±12.0 | 54.1±10.0 | 53.8±10.5 | 53.7±10.8 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 160.3±8.0 | 161.0±7.9 | 162.1±8.1 | 160.6±8.2 | 0.003 |
| Weight (kg) | 62.7±10.9 | 63.2±11.3 | 64.4±10.9 | 62.6±10.9 | 0.077 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3±3.4 | 24.3±3.2 | 24.4±3.3 | 24.2±3.3 | 0.852 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.6±10.2 | 80.8±9.7 | 81.7±9.8 | 80.8±10.5 | 0.416 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 138.2±22.6 | 131.0±20.1 | 133.2±20.9 | 130.9±20.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.6±12.5 | 77.8±12.4 | 78.5±12.4 | 77.2±11.9 | 0.010 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.83±1.69 | 5.64±1.55 | 5.55±1.04 | 5.50±1.28 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.23±0.98 | 5.23±0.97 | 5.35±0.95 | 5.41±0.97 | 0.042 |
| Triglycerides(mmol/l) | 1.36±0.98 | 1.40±1.25 | 1.40±1.12 | 1.37±1.13 | 0.882 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.19±0.33 | 1.18±0.32 | 1.19±0.31 | 1.21±0.35 | 0.729 |
| Total cholesterol/ HDL-C | 4.63±1.21 | 4.69±1.28 | 4.74±1.36 | 4.75±1.37 | 0.436 |
| Fat (%) | 16.7±4.7 | 16.8±4.5 | 17.0±4.0 | 18.0±4.8 | 0.013 |
| Protein (%) | 16.4±3.2 | 16.2±3.0 | 16.2±3.0 | 16.0±2.9 | 0. 240 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 67.8±7.7 | 68.0±7.6 | 68.2±7.0 | 67.4±7.8 | 0.726 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 288±143 | 285±141 | 308±141 | 317±133 | 0.016 |
| Tea consumption (%) | 62.3 % | 81.2 % | 84.3 % | 72.1 % | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 72.5% | 75.1% | 73.5% | 61.4% | |
| Former | 12.9% | 10.0% | 9.7% | 8.6% | |
| Current | 14.6% | 14.4% | 16.8% | 30.0% | |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.002 | ||||
| Never | 72.8% | 68.9% | 72.9% | 72.1% | |
| Former | 6.3% | 2.7% | 5.0% | 2.1% | |
| Current | 20.9% | 28.4% | 22.1% | 25.7% | |
| Betel nut chewing | 0.279 | ||||
| Never | 91.0% | 90.6% | 91.8% | 88.6% | |
| Former | 5.9% | 5.9% | 3.1% | 6.4% | |
| Current | 3.1% | 3.4% | 5.0% | 5.0% | |
| Physical activity | 0.001 | ||||
| None/seldom | 30.1% | 37.3% | 33.3% | 43.6% | |
| Regular | 69.9% | 62.7% | 66.7% | 56.4% | |
| Income | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 52.8% | 38.4% | 40.8% | 44.5% | |
| Middle | 37.8% | 47.2% | 46.5% | 46.0% | |
| High | 9.3% | 14.4% | 12.7% | 9.5% | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 29.9% | 14.9% | 14.7% | 22.1% | |
| Middle | 39.0% | 44.5% | 42.8% | 45.0% | |
| High | 31.1% | 40.6% | 42.5% | 32.9% |
ANOVA test was used for comparing mean values of continuous variables between groups; data were shown as means ± SD;
Pearson’s χ2 test was used for categorical data; data were shown as percentage.