Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| All | Men | Women | P for difference between sexes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | ||
| Age (years) | 58·21 | 8·03 | 57·90 | 7·75 | 58·47 | 8·246 | 0·223 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27·13 | 4·35 | 27·49 | 3·97 | 26·82 | 4·62 | 0·006 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93·36 | 13·11 | 99·31 | 11·31 | 88·23 | 12·36 | <0·001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 102·19 | 9·08 | 101·27 | 7·98 | 102·97 | 9·86 | <0·001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0·91 | 0·09 | 0·98 | 0·06 | 0·85 | 0·06 | <0·001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 66·51 | 10·14 | 65·49 | 10·51 | 67·35 | 9·75 | 0·002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138·47 | 21·71 | 141·63 | 20·46 | 135·71 | 22·41 | <0·001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84·42 | 10·56 | 87·50 | 10·79 | 81·80 | 9·62 | <0·001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 54·02 | 15·00 | 54·15 | 13·76 | 53·91 | 15·99 | 0·798 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5·59 | 0·94 | 5·50 | 0·96 | 5·66 | 0·91 | 0·002 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1·58 | 0·43 | 1·43 | 0·38 | 1·71 | 0·43 | <0·001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3·40 | 0·87 | 3·41 | 0·88 | 3·38 | 0·86 | 0·626 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1·20 | 0·90–1·60 | 1·30 | 1·00–1·80 | 1·10 | 0·80–1·50 | <0·001 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5·85 | 1·19 | 6·13 | 1·35 | 5·61 | 0·97 | <0·001 |
| Insulin (mmol/l)* | 7·80 | 5·70–11·10 | 8·50 | 5·93–12·28 | 7·30 | 5·40–10·20 | <0·001 |
| HOMA-IR* | 1·98 | 1·37–2·96 | 2·23 | 1·49–3·36 | 1·80 | 1·29–2·69 | <0·001 |
| CRP (mg/l)* | 1·44 | 0·79–2·87 | 1·47 | 0·82–2·81 | 1·38 | 0·76–2·95 | 0·332 |
| PTX3 (ng/l)* | 1·01 | 0·68–1·44 | 1·04 | 0·74–1·44 | 0·98 | 0·64–1·46 | 0·107 |
| IDO (kyn/tryp) | 31·65 | 8·27 | 31·36 | 8·02 | 31·89 | 8·48 | 0·379 |
| IMT (mm) | 0·93 | 0·23 | 0·96 | 0·24 | 0·90 | 0·21 | <0·001 |
| CAC (%/10 mmHg) | 0·93 | 0·48 | 0·88 | 0·41 | 0·96 | 0·53 | 0·010 |
| Smoking (%)† | |||||||
| No | 78·5 | 73·7 | 82·6 | <0·001 | |||
| Yes | 21·5 | 26·3 | 17·4 | ||||
| Hypertension (%)† | |||||||
| No | 71·8 | 71·5 | 72·0 | 0·845 | |||
| Yes | 28·2 | 28·5 | 28·0 | ||||
| Insulin resistance (%)† | |||||||
| No | 58·1 | 52·4 | 62·7 | 0·001 | |||
| Yes | 41·9 | 47·6 | 37·3 | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia (%)† | |||||||
| No | 21·3 | 23·0 | 80·3 | 0·684 | |||
| Yes | 78·7 | 77·0 | 68·2 | ||||
| Diabetes (%)† | |||||||
| No | 94·6 | 92·4 | 96·5 | 0·002 | |||
| Yes | 5·4 | 7·6 | 3·5 | ||||
| CAD (%)† | |||||||
| No | 93·5 | 93·0 | 94·0 | 0·471 | |||
| Yes | 6·5 | 7·0 | 6·0 | ||||
| Heart failure (%)† | |||||||
| No | 96·6 | 95·6 | 97·4 | 0·076 | |||
| Yes | 3·4 | 4·4 | 2·6 | ||||
| MI (%)† | |||||||
| No | 96·0 | 93·9 | 97·7 | 0·001 | |||
| Yes | 4·0 | 6·1 | 2·3 | ||||
| Stroke (%)† | |||||||
| No | 98·1 | 97·4 | 98·8 | 0·064 | |||
| Yes | 1·9 | 2·6 | 1·2 | ||||
*
Median values and interquartile range (IQR): Mann–Whitney's U-test for difference between sexes.
†
χ2 test for difference between sexes; t-test for difference between sexes.
BMI: body mass index; CAC: carotid artery compliance; CAD: coronary artery disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; PTX3: pentraxin 3; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: insulin resistance index; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme; IMT: intima-media thickness; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MI: myocardial infarction; s.d.: standard deviation.