Fig. 4.

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-5 activation facilitates CD14⁺ cells to express CXCL11. (a) Flow cytometry dot-plots show CD14⁺ CXCL11⁺ cell population (the gated cells) in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) that were isolated from naive mice (a1), colitic mice [a2, induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)] or ethanol-treated mice (a3, control); cells were cultured in the presence of flagellin (40 ng/ml) for 72 h, or naive LPMCs were exposed to flagellin plus interferon (IFN)-γ (50 pg/ml; the dosage was tested in preliminary studies) and saline (a4), or pretreated with anti-TLR-5 antibody (a5, 100 ng/ml) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (a6) for 72 h. Cells stained with isotype immunoglobulin (Ig)G did not show positive staining (data not shown). (b) Scatter dot-plots show individual datum in (a). (c) The scatter dot-plots show CXCL11 levels in culture supernatant that were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. *P < 0·01.