Table 3.

Mean Differences as a Function of Family Structure

Measure	Father-Only		Mother-Only		Dual-Parent		Omnibus F -test
	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)
Parental
Family Income	4.75a	(1.61)	3.66b	(1.79)	5.68c	(1.64)	647.30***
Parental monitoring	3.57a	(1.19)	3.62a	(1.20)	3.85b	(1.10)	11.69***
Parental warmth	3.67a	(1.18)	3.62a	(1.14)	3.65a	(1.11)	0.89
Social
Involvement in clubs/activities	1.98a	(1.18)	1.98a	(1.31)	2.33b	(1.28)	7.59**
Peer marijuana norms	2.81a	(1.02)	2.63b	(1.02)	2.56c	(0.96)	8.72***
Friend marijuana norms	2.34a	(1.14)	2.21a	(1.18)	1.97b	(1.05)	19.72***
Adult supervision	2.76a	(1.29)	2.90ab	(1.28)	2.98b	(1.18)	7.77***
Self delinquency	1.32ab	(0.56)	1.32a	(0.56)	1.25b	(0.49)	7.77***
Peer delinquency	1.84ab	(1.23)	1.91a	(1.28)	1.77b	(1.09)	3.49*
Intrapersonal
Refusal strength	4.39a	(0.91)	4.43a	(0.96)	4.64b	(0.75)	15.62***
Sensation seeking	2.78a	(0.97)	2.67a	(0.97)	2.76a	(0.91)	0.48
Approval of others’ mar use	2.14a	(1.06)	1.98b	(0.95)	1.76c	(0.87)	44.30***
Substance use
Cigarette use	2.29a	(1.56)	1.95b	(1.42)	1.74c	(1.28)	19.23***
Alcohol use	2.35a	(1.20)	2.01b	(1.18)	1.95b	(1.19)	12.54***
Marijuana use	1.82a	(1.16)	1.54b	(1.00)	1.37c	(0.85)	32.32***

Note . Statistical tests of family structure main effects are from the 2 (child’s gender) × 3 (family structure) ANCOVA models, controlling for family income. Family income is from 2 (gender) × 3 (family structure) ANOVA model. Within the same row, means not sharing a subscript are statistically significant in tests of simple effects.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.