Table 3.
Source and biology of alien bark beetles of Europe. Data from sources in Table 2, Wood (1982), Kirkendall (1983) and Wood and Bright (1992).
| Species | Native to | Additional distribution | Zone | Feeds/Breeds | Host use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambrosiodmus rubricollis | east Asia | eastern North America, Australia | T | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees |
| Ambrosiophilus atratus | east Asia | North America | T | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees |
| Coccotrypes dactyliperda | ? (Old World) | globally distributed, tropics & subtropics | M | Spm/inbreeding | Polyphagous, mainly palm seeds in Europe |
| Cyclorhipidion bodoanum | north Asia | North America | T | Xm/inbreeding | Oligophagous, Fagaceae |
| Dactylotrypes longicollis | Canary Islands | Madeira, North Africa | M | Spm/outbreeding | Oligaphagous, palm seeds |
| Dryocoetes himalayensis | India | T | Phl/outbreeding | Polyphagous, Juglans regia, Pyrus lanata | |
| Gnathotrichus materiarius | eastern N. America | T | Xm/outbreeding | Polyphagous, conifers | |
| Hypocryphalus scabricollis | east Asia | M | Phl/outbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees | |
| Hypothenemus eruditus | American tropics? | globally distributed, tropics & subtropics | M | Phl/inbreeding | Polyphagous |
| Megaplatypus mutatus | South America | M | Xm/outbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees | |
| Monarthrum mali | eastern N. America | T | Xm/outbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees | |
| Phloeosinus rudis | east Asia | T | Phl/outbreeding | Oligophagous, Cupressaceae | |
| Phloeotribus liminaris | eastern US | M | Phl/outbreeding | Monophagous, Prunus | |
| Xyleborinus attenuatus | east Asia | North America | T | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees |
| Xyleborus affinis | Neotropics? | globally distributed, tropics & subtropics | M | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous |
| Xyleborus pfeilii | east Asia | North America | T,M | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous, broadleaf trees in Europe* |
| Xylosandrus crassiusculus | tropical & subtropical Asia | globally distributed, tropics & subtropics | M | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous |
| Xylosandrus germanus | east Asia | North America | T | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous |
| Xylosandrus morigerus | Asian tropics? | globally distributed, tropics | gh | Xm/inbreeding | Polyphagous; in Europe, greenhouse orchids |
Additional distribution: other foreign regions in which a species is now established. Zone: T, temperate zone of Europe; M, Mediterranean zone; B, boreal zone; gh, greenhouse populations. Feeds: Xm, xylomycetophagous (ambrosia beetle); Phl, phloeophagous, breeding in bark; Spm, spermatophagous, breeding in seeds (terminology from Wood 1982). * Xyleborus pfeilii is highly polyphagous in conifers and broadleaf trees in Japan ( Mizuno and Kajimura 2002) though the few host records in Europe are from Alnus and Betula (e.g. Balachowsky 1949).