Table 2. | Major clinical trial in pharmacotherapy of urolithiasis.

	Author (ref.)	Drug	N	Design	Finding
Renal colic	Hollingsworth et al.6	α-Blocker or calcium-channel blockers vs placebo or no Rx		Meta-analysis	Improved likelihood of stone passage
	Parsons et al.8	α-Blocker vs no Rx	911	Meta-analysis	Improved likelihood of stone passage
Hypercalciuria	Brocks et al.13	Bendroflumethiazide vs placebo	62	RCT	Both groups showed decrease in stone formation
	Scholz et al.14	Hydrochlorothiazide vs placebo	51	RCT	Thiazides decreased calciuria but not stone events
	Laerum and Larsen15	Hydrochlorothiazide vs placebo	50	RCT	Decreased new stone formation Prolonged stone-free interval
	Ettinger et al.16	Chlorthalidone vs Mg hydroxide vs placebo	124	RCT	Chlorthalidone more effective than Mg hydroxide or placebo in reducing stone events
	Ohkawa et al.17	Trichlormethiazide vs no treatment	175	RCT	Decreased calciuria and stone formation rate
	Borghi et al.18	Diet vs diet+indapamide vs diet+indapamide+allopurinol	75	RCT	Diet + pharmacotherapy better than diet alone.
Hypocitraturia	Barcelo et al.31	Potassium citrate vs placebo	57	RCT	Decreased stone formation and increased urinary citrate
	Ettinger et al.32	Potassium magnesium citrate vs placebo	64	RCT	Decreased stone formation
	Hofbauer et al.33	Diet+sodium potassium citrate vs diet	50	RCT	No difference in stone formation
	Soygür et al.34	Potassium citrate vs no treatment after shockwave lithotripsy	110	RCT	Decreased stone recurrence
	Kang et al.35	Mix of potassium citrate, thiazide, allopurinol vs no treatment after percutaneous nephrolithotomy	226	NCT	Decreased stone recurrence
	Pak et al.36	Potassium citrate vs pretreatment in calcium and uric acid stone formers	89	NNT	Decreased stone events
Aciduria (uric acid stones)	Pak et al.42	Potassium citrate	18	NNT	Decreased stone events
Hyperuricosuria (calcium stones)	Ettinger et al.47	Allopurinol vs placebo	60	RCT	Decreased stone events
	Coe20	Thiazide vs allopurinol vs both	202	RCT	Decreased stone events vs pretreatment
Cystinuria	Dahlberg et al.50	d-penicillamine	89	Retrospective	Decreased stone event and dissolution of stones
	Chow et al.51	d-penicillamine or α-mercaptopropionylglycine vs conservative Rx	16	NNT	Decreased stone event
	Pak et al.52	d-penicillamine or α-mercaptopropionylglycine vs conservative Rx	66	Retrospective	Both drugs equally effective in reducing stone events
	Barbey et al.53	d-penicillamine or α-mercaptopropionylglycine vs conservative Rx	27	Retrospective	Decreased stone events

Abbreviations: N, number of patients; NCT, non-randomized controlled trial; NNT, non-randomized non-placebo controlled trial; RCT, randomized controlled trial; Rx, treatment.