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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2011 Apr 14;145(3):423–434. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.022

Figure 4. AID/APOBEC Deaminases Promote 5hmC Demethylation.

Figure 4

(A and B) Overexpression of AID results in a decrease in the abundance of 5hmCs in genomic DNA samples from HEK 293 cells as monitored by immunoblotting (A) and ELISA (B) using anti-5hmC antibodies.

(C) Effects of AID on demethylation of 5hmC-GFP and 5mC-GFP DNA. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 3; *: P < 0.05; #: P > 0.1; Student’s t-test)

(D) Effects of overexpression of AID/APOBEC deaminases on 5hmC demethylation as measured by bisulfite sequencing. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 3; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; Student’s t-test).

(E) Immunoblotting analysis of 5hmU levels in HEK293 cells after TET1 expression or transfection of 5hmC-GFP DNA, with or without the expression of 5hmU glycosylase SMUG1.

(F) An oxidation-deamination-BER model of TET1-induced active DNA demethylation in mammalian cells.