Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics, by Staffing Quartile
| Variable | Staffing Quartilea |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F statisticb | |
| UC ratio | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.53 |
| Proportional growth rate of UC | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.61 |
| Nurse staffing level | |||||||||
| Nurse HPPD | 6.63 | 1.21 | 7.21 | 1.36 | 7.75 | 1.32 | 8.62 | 1.37 | 43.32*** |
| RN HPPD | 5.94 | 1.30 | 6.52 | 1.48 | 7.09 | 1.49 | 7.85 | 1.57 | 27.58*** |
| Percent Net surplus/shortfall | 2.4 | 12.7 | 17.9 | 3.0 | 27.2 | 2.6 | 40.8 | 6.7 | 277.90*** |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||||
| County | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 1.20 |
| District | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.75 |
| For-Profit | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 5.38** |
| Not For-Profit | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.78 | 0.41 | 6.08*** |
| Number of residents per bed | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
| Number of beds | 192 | 140 | 223 | 180 | 205 | 116 | 215 | 165 | 0.45 |
| System affiliation | 0.69 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 0.57 |
| Highest quartile seismic risk | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.76 |
| 2nd highest quartile seismic risk | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.31 |
| Market characteristics | |||||||||
| Herfindahl Index | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 3.58* |
| IPDs per 1,000 population | 1,042 | 284 | 999 | 317 | 1,104 | 360 | 1,116 | 392 | 1.44 |
| Number of HMOs | 13.6 | 3.9 | 12.7 | 3.7 | 11.5 | 4.1 | 11.0 | 3.8 | 5.85*** |
| HMO penetration | 48.9 | 9.1 | 48.8 | 11.0 | 47.6 | 15.0 | 48.6 | 14.9 | 0.10 |
| Population characteristics | |||||||||
| Unemployment rate | 6.0 | 1.5 | 6.4 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 1.6 | 1.53 |
| Percent over 65 | 10.6 | 1.8 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 11.3 | 2.1 | 11.3 | 2.0 | 2.71* |
| Per capita income (thousands of 2006 dollars) | 35.0 | 7.3 | 35.7 | 9.7 | 39.1 | 11.5 | 38.6 | 11.4 | 2.57 |
| Number of Hospitals | 57 | 56 | 56 | 58 | |||||
| Number of Observations | 352 | 358 | 359 | 382 | |||||
a
Staffing quartile 1 contains the hospitals that, relative to the staffing regulations, had the largest percent staffing shortfall or smallest staffing surplus.
b
F statistic for test if null hypothesis of equality of means across the four staffing quartiles (degrees of freedom 3 and 1,451). F-statistics are calculated allowing for non-independence of observations within hospitals.
*
indicates the F statistic is significant at the 0.05 level,
**
significant at the 0.01 level, and
***
significant at the 0.001 level.