Table 3.
Associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with subcutaneous fat measures in children aged 1.5, 6 and 24 months
| 1.5 months | 6 months | 24 months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peripheral fat (mm) | Central fat (mm) | Total fat (mm) | Peripheral fat (mm) | Central fat (mm) | Total fat (mm) | Peripheral fat (mm) | Central fat (mm) | Total fat (mm) | |
| Maternal smoking | N = 781 | N = 759 | N = 759 | N = 794 | N = 792 | N = 803 | N = 672 | N = 660 | N = 659 |
| No (n = 699) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| First trimester only (n = 83) | −0.30 (−1.30, 0.70) | −0.02 (−0.90, 0.86) | −0.32 (−2.09, 1.45) | 0.61 (−0.35, 1.56) | 0.62 (−0.19, 1.43) | 1.22 (−0.35, 2.79) | 0.07 (−1.08, 1.23) | 0.40 (−0.52,1.32) | 0.47 (−1.36, 2.30) |
| <5 cigarettes/day (n = 53) | −1.06 (−2.27, 0.15) | −0.27 (−1.32, 0.79) | −1.29 (−3.41, 0.83) | 0.29 (−0.89, 1.46) | 0.50 (−0.50, 1.50) | 0.78 (−1.16, 2.71) | 0.63 (−0.76, 2.01) | 0.85 (−0.26,1.96) | 1.48 (−0.71, 3.68) |
| >5 cigarettes/day (n = 30) | 1.10 (-0.50, 2.70) | 0.45 (-0.97, 1.87) | 1.52 (−1.34, 4.38) | 1.17 (−0.38, 2.72) | 0.81 (−0.52, 2.14) | 1.96 (−0.62, 4.53) | −0.95 (−2.90, 0.99) | −0.41(−1.97,1.15) | −1.39 (−4.47, 1.69) |
| P for trend | P = 0.82 | P = 0.80 | P = 0.82 | P = 0.15 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.77 | P = 0.69 | P = 0.99 |
| Continued (n = 125) | 0.13 (−0.78, 1.03) | 0.07 (−0.73, 0.87) | 0.23 (−1.38, 1.84) | 0.02 (−0.82, 0.87) | −0.28 (−0.99, 0.44) | −0.26 (−1.65, 1.12) | 0.54 (−0.55, 1.63) | 0.44 (−0.44,1.31) | 1.03 (−0.72, 2.78) |
| <5 cigarettes/day (n = 51) | −0.10 (−1.42, 1.22) | −0.41 (−1.57, 0.75) | −0.47 (−2.81, 1.87) | −0.01 (−1.23, 1.20) | −0.30 (−1.32, 0.73) | −0.32 (−2.31, 1.67) | −1.04 (−2.64, 0.56) | −0.89 (−2.21, 0.43) | −1.85 (−4.45, 0.76) |
| >5 cigarettes/day (n = 53) | 0.15 (−1.12, 1.41) | 0.04 (−1.06, 1.14) | 0.22 (−2.01, 2.44) | −0.22 (−1.44, 0.99) | −0.54 (−1.57, 0.49) | −0.77 (−2.77, 1.23) | 1.46 (−0.08, 3.01) | 1.21(−0.04, 2.46) | 2.67 (0.20, 5.14)* |
| P for trend | P = 0.88 | P = 0.86 | P = 0.97 | P = 0.75 | P = 0.26 | P = 0.43 | P = 0.24 | P = 0.23 | P = 0.17 |
Values are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) using multiple linear regression models
Models are adjusted for child’s age at visit, sex, maternal education, maternal height and weight, breastfeeding ever, current height and observer
Peripheral subcutaneous fat mass was calculated from the sum of biceps SFT + triceps SFT. Central subcutaneous fat mass was calculated from the sum of suprailiacal SFT + subscapular SFT. Total subcutaneous fat mass was calculated from the sum of biceps SFT + triceps SFT + suprailiacal SFT + subscapular SFT
* P < 0.05