Table 1.
Innate and adaptive immune system genes activated twofold or more by Lactobacillus reuteri and Helicobacter hepaticus co-infection
| Gene | L. reuteri | H. hepaticus | L. reuteri and H. hepaticus | Biological relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Casp4 (Caspase 4, apoptosis related cysteine peptidase) | 1·5 | 1·0 | 3·0 | Enzyme component of inflammasome-mediated apoptosis |
| Ccl2 [Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 | 0·7 | 0·8 | 15·7 | Monocyte chemotaxis |
| Ccr3 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3] | 1·1 | 0·9 | 19·0 | Mediates granulocyte activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production |
| Cd14 (CD14 antigen) | 1·4 | 1·0 | 2·6 | Binds lipopolysaccharide and other PAMPs |
| Cfp (Complement factor properdin) | 1·1 | 0·9 | 4·2 | Alternative pathway for complement activation, stimulates phagocytosis |
| Clec7a (C-type lectin domain family 7, member α) | 1·1 | 0·7 | 3·8 | PAMP receptor |
| Cxcr4 (Chemokine receptor 4) | 0·8 | 0·5 | 4·8 | Receptor of CXCL12 mediating inflammatory cell recruitment |
| Cybb (Cytochrome β-245, β polypeptide) | 1·1 | 0·7 | 8·5 | Superoxide anion production by neutrophils |
| IL-12rβ2 (IL-12 receptor β 2) | 1·4 | 1·0 | 3·7 | Subunit of interleukin-12 binding receptor, up-regulated by interferon-γ |
| IL-1α (Interleukin 1α) | 1 | 0·8 | 3·6 | Pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages |
| IL-1f6 (Family member 6) | 0·5 | 0·5 | 79·5 | Structural and functional homology with IL-1 superfamily |
| IL-1f8 (Family member 8) | 1·5 | 5·2 | 4·4 | Structural and functional homology with IL-1 superfamily |
| IL-1f9 (Family member 9) | 0·8 | 0·7 | 3·3 | Structural and functional homology with IL-1 superfamily |
| Il1r2 (Interleukin 1 receptor, type II) | 1·1 | 0·7 | 4·0 | Member of IL-1 receptor family |
| IL-1rl2 (Interleukin 1 receptor-like 2) | 1·1 | 0·7 | 2·3 | Member of IL-1 receptor family |
| IL-1rn (Receptor antagonist) | 1·0 | 1·0 | 4·7 | Blocks binding of IL-1α and IL-1β |
| Irf1 (Interferon regulatory factor 1) | 1·2 | 1·0 | 2·9 | Transcription factor regulating pro-inflammatory IL-18 |
| Ltf (Lactotransferrin) | 1·6 | 0·3 | 97·0 | Bactericidal, binds iron, inhibits bacterial adhesion |
| Lyz1 (Lysozyme 1) | 1·4 | 1·4 | 3·6 | Anti-bacterial muramidase released from neutrophils |
| Ncf4 (Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4) | 0·9 | 0·8 | 4·4 | Regulator of NADPH-oxidase production of superoxide by phagocytes |
| NfkBiα (Nf-κΒ inhibitor, α) | 1·1 | 0·9 | 2·1 | Binds and inhibits nuclear factor-κΒ |
| Pglyrp1 (Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1) | 1·8 | 0·9 | 3·7 | Neutrophil amidase targeting bacterial peptidoglycans |
| Pglyrp2 (Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2) | 1·7 | 0·9 | 4·4 | Neutrophil amidase targeting bacterial peptidoglycans |
| Prg2 (Proteoglycan 2, bone marrow) | 0·5 | 0·3 | 19·2 | Natural killer cell activation, constituent of eosinophil granules |
| Ptafr (Platelet activating factor receptor) | 0·9 | 1·2 | 4·9 | Binds PAF to signal recruitment of neutrophils |
| Serpina1a (Serine peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 1a) | 0·8 | 0·6 | 3·4 | Serine protease inhibitor, protects host tissues from proteases |
| Stab 1 (Stablin 1) | 0·9 | 0·7 | 2·3 | Cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions in vascular function and inflammatory processes |
| Trem1 (Triggering receptor on myeloid cells 1) | 2·0 | 2·0 | 7·1 | Expressed on macrophages and amplifies T helper type 1 cytokine responses |
IL-1, interleukin-1; PAF, platelet-activating factor; PAMP.