Table 1.
Comparisons of Clinical Characteristics Among Different Fibrosis Stages in NAFLD
| Fibrosis stage | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3–4 | P valuea | |
| A. Men | n = 62 | n = 71 | n = 44 | n = 38 | |
| Age, y | 41 ± 11 | 44 ± 13 | 44 ± 12 | 49 ± 13 | .009 |
| Race and ethnicity | .059b | ||||
| White, % | 54.8 | 68.6 | 75.0 | 79.0 | |
| Hispanic, % | 29.0 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 7.9 | |
| Other, % | 16.1 | 20.0 | 11.4 | 13.2 | |
| Abdominal size (waist circumference, cm) | 109.4 ± 12.9 | 112.9 ± 13.8 | 111.8 ± 12.6 | 112.9 ± 15.6 | .463 |
| Extremity size (EXT) | 0.333 ± 1.756 | −0.012 ± 1.926 | −0.101 ± 1.466 | −0.260 ± 2.042 | .486 |
| Current smoking, yes vs no | 4.8% | 7.0% | 4.6% | 7.9% | .877b |
| Current alcohol use, yes vs no | 73.7% | 64.1% | 57.5% | 47.4% | .065b |
| Total calorie intake, Kcal/d | 2214 ± 1048 | 1971 ± 775 | 2419 ± 1382 | 2039 ± 964 | .136 |
| Nonrecreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 146.3 ± 97.2 | 126.5 ± 80.8 | 147.3 ± 124.2 | 113.3 ± 77.7 | .306 |
| Recreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 38.9 ± 30.7 | 38.2 ± 36.5 | 37.8 ± 45.5 | 36.0 ± 34.6 | .987 |
| Sleep apnea, yes vs no | 14.5% | 22.5% | 13.6% | 23.7% | .428b |
| Hypertension, yes vs no | 38.7% | 43.7% | 59.1% | 63.2% | .041b |
| Diabetes mellitus/IFG, yes vs no | 32.3% | 45.1% | 50.0% | 52.6% | .151b |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, yes vs no | 38.7% | 57.8% | 68.2% | 39.5% | .007b |
| Low-HDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 54.8% | 69.0% | 63.6% | 55.3% | .313b |
| High-LDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 33.9% | 40.9% | 49.0% | 23.7% | .282b |
| Hyperuricemia, yes vs no | 85.5% | 88.7% | 79.6% | 57.9% | <.001b |
| Depression, yes vs no | 5.3% | 12.5% | 18.0% | 6.1% | .173b |
| HOMA-IR | 4.2 ± 2.5 | 7.4 ± 10.0 | 5.5 ± 3.7 | 7.1 ± 5.9 | .033 |
| B. Premenopausal women | n = 36 | n = 41 | n = 26 | n = 16 | |
| Age, y | 38 ± 9 | 39 ± 9 | 42 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | .460 |
| Race and ethnicity | .377b | ||||
| White, % | 66.7 | 63.4 | 65.4 | 81.3 | |
| Hispanic, % | 33.3 | 26.8 | 26.9 | 12.5 | |
| Other, % | 0.0 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 6.3 | |
| Abdominal size (waist circumference, cm) | 110.3 ± 14.1 | 107.6 ± 14.1 | 110.2 ± 13.8 | 115.0 ± 13.8 | .365 |
| Extremity size (EXT) | −0.494 ± 1.375 | 0.198 ± 1.982 | 0.061 ± 1.895 | 0.330 ± 1.884 | .330 |
| Current smoking, yes vs no | 11.1% | 14.6% | 11.5% | 18.8% | .876b |
| Current alcohol use, yes vs no | 60.6% | 55.0% | 48.0% | 37.5% | .455b |
| Total calorie intake, Kcal/d | 1734 ± 795 | 1798 ± 900 | 1525 ± 786 | 1707 ± 700 | .613 |
| Nonrecreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 120.9 ± 76.2 | 124.9 ± 101.6 | 140.1 ± 97.0 | 78.9 ± 50.6 | .318 |
| Recreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 37.0 ± 33.6 | 39.7 ± 39.1 | 39.5 ± 32.9 | 22.0 ± 22.4 | .496 |
| Sleep apnea, yes vs no | 2.8% | 9.8% | 19.2% | 25.0% | .070b |
| Hypertension, yes vs no | 8.3% | 41.5% | 31.7% | 50.0% | .001b |
| Diabetes mellitus/IFG, yes vs no | 36.1% | 39.0% | 46.2% | 37.5% | .877b |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, yes vs no | 55.6% | 58.5% | 42.3% | 50.0% | .604b |
| Low-HDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 75.0% | 73.2% | 88.5% | 75.0% | .493b |
| High-LDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 38.9% | 24.4% | 42.3% | 50.0% | .228b |
| Hyperuricemia, yes vs no | 50.0% | 41.5% | 57.7% | 56.3% | .562b |
| Depression, yes vs no | 26.7% | 27.5% | 20.8 | 18.2% | .879b |
| HOMA-IR | 4.9 ± 3.7 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | 5.3 ± 3.2 | 7.1 ± 3.3 | .226 |
| C. Postmenopausal women | n = 42 | n = 46 | n = 41 | n = 73 | |
| Age, y | 56 ± 8 | 56 ± 8 | 56 ± 7 | 59 ± 7 | .036 |
| Race and ethnicity | .955b | ||||
| White, % | 81.0 | 87.0 | 82.9 | 78.1 | |
| Hispanic, % | 7.1 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 6.9 | |
| Other, % | 11.9 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 15.1 | |
| Abdominal size (waist circumference, cm) | 102.1 ± 12.9 | 103.8 ± 14.4 | 110.7 ± 12.7 | 109.9 ± 14.5 | .004 |
| Extremity size (EXT) | 0.393 ± 1.218 | 0.383 ± 1.559 | −0.078 ± 2.461 | −0.441 ± 1.491 | .029 |
| Current smoking, yes vs no | 9.5% | 8.7% | 4.9% | 11.0% | .748b |
| Current alcohol use, yes vs no | 46.2% | 52.3% | 46.2% | 33.3% | .213b |
| Total calorie intake, Kcal/d | 1691 ± 738 | 1728 ± 801 | 1747 ± 884 | 1626 ± 998 | .888 |
| Nonrecreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 107.0 ± 68.1 | 94.6 ± 57.9 | 107.3 ± 63.5 | 81.9 ± 49.9 | .125 |
| Recreational physical activities, MET-hours/wk | 50.0 ± 41.1 | 33.4 ± 28.5 | 38.9 ± 38.6 | 35.6 ± 31.4 | .148 |
| Sleep apnea, yes vs no | 7.1% | 15.2% | 17.1% | 30.1% | .018b |
| Hypertension, yes vs no | 52.4% | 65.2% | 61.0% | 76.7% | .054b |
| Diabetes mellitus/IFG, yes vs no | 40.5% | 34.8% | 51.2% | 64.4% | .008b |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, yes vs no | 50.0% | 58.7% | 31.7% | 42.5% | .072b |
| Low-HDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 61.9% | 56.5% | 56.1% | 64.4% | .770b |
| High-LDL cholesterol, yes vs no | 42.9% | 43.5% | 61.0% | 26.0% | .003b |
| Hyperuricemia, yes vs no | 47.6% | 52.2% | 46.3% | 43.8% | .849b |
| Depression, yes vs no | 29.0% | 27.5% | 29.7% | 42.1% | .371b |
| HOMA-IR | 4.7 ± 3.4 | 5.9 ± 5.7 | 5.8 ± 4.4 | 9.0 ± 7.3 | <.001 |
EXT, calculated parameter indicating extremity size; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
a
P values were from χ2 test or analysis of variance (ANOVA).
b
χ2 test.