Table 4.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify independent characteristics of patients with idiopathic gastroparesis that are associated with either sex, overweight, symptom onset, severity of gastric emptying delay, or severity of gastroparesis

Characteristics Selected	Females Vs Males*		Overweight Vs Normal*		Acute Vs Insidious*		Severe delay Vs Not severe*		Gastric failure Vs Mild/Comp*		Severe Symptoms Vs Less*
	OR†	P	OR†	P	OR†	P	OR†	P	OR†	P	OR†	P
Demographic and lifestyle:
Sex: Females vs Males	n/a	n/a	0.11	<0.001	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Married (yes vs no)	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	2.12	0.03	n/s	n/s
College or higher education (yesVno)	n/s	n/s	0.21	<0.001	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Income: $50,000 or more (yes vs no)	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	0.42	0.01	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Ever drink in past year	3.49	0.04	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Anthropometry:
Waist to hip ratio cardiovascular risk category (sex specific):‡		0.002		0.01		0.004		0.02		n/s		n/s
Low risk	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Moderate risk	2.14	0.25	1.67	0.26	4.02	0.002	1.63	0.29	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
High risk	12.20	0.002	3.40	0.004	1.48	0.28	3.19	0.006	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2)	0.14	0.002	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Inflammatory markers:
C-reactive protein (CRP) (√mg/dL)	n/s	n/s	2.90	0.008	n/s	n/s	0.42	0.03	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
ESR (√mm/hr)‡	1.89	0.004	1.69	<0.001	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Medical history:
Co-morbidities:
Migraine headache (yes vs no)	3.34	0.05	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	2.33	0.003
Fibromyalgia (yes vs no)	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	0.22	0.005	6.97	<0.001	n/s	n/s	0.29	0.01
Major depression (yes vs no)	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	2.12	0.03
Anxiety disorder (yes vs no)	7.92	0.03	4.09	0.01	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Beck Depression Index score > 30‡	0.20	0.01	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Co-medications:
Gastric acid suppressants	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	2.65	0.03	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Prokinetics	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	0.41	0.008	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Anti-emetics	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	3.56	0.001	5.76	<0.001	4.06	0.004	n/s	n/s
Estrogen, progesterone, OCP’s	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	0.43	0.03	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Total enteral/parenteral support (yes)	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	6.41	<0.001	n/s	n/s
Post-menopausal (yes vs no)	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	0.30	0.004	n/s	n/s
Duration of symptoms at enrollment :		n/s		n/s		< 0.001		n/s		n/s		n/s
0 – 1.5 years	n/s		n/s		1.00		n/s		n/s		n/s
1.6 – 4 years	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	0.27	0.001	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
5+ years	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	0.20	<0.001	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Initial infectious prodrome (yesVno)	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	4.43	0.001	0.30	0.02	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Gastric emptying (scintigraphy):
Percent gastric retention at 2 hr	n/s	n/s	1.03	0.004	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Percent gastric retention at 4 hr	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a	n/s	n/s	1.02	0.01
Severity of symptoms:‡
Nausea severity	1.69	0.02	n/s	n/s	1.37	0.01	n/s	n/s	1.45	0.006	n/a	n/a
Vomiting severity	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	1.25	0.02	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a
Feeling of stomach fullness severity	1.94	0.01	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a
Loss of appetite severity	n/s	n/s	0.63	<0.001	n/s	n/s	1.38	0.01	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a
Bloating severity	n/s	n/s	1.34	0.03	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/a	n/a
Upper abdominal discomfort	0.55	0.02	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Lower abdominal pain severity	n/s	n/s	0.48	0.009	0.45	0.002	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Lower abdominal discomfort severity	n/s	n/s	1.79	0.03	1.62	0.05	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Constipation severity	1.48	0.03	n/s	n/s	0.80	0.02	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Diarrhea severity	0.63	0.02	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s
Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI)‡	1.89	0.02§	n/s	n/s	n/s	n/s	1.42	0.05§	1.49	0.02§	n/a	n/a

^*Females (N=213), Males (N=28)

Overweight defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² (N=111), Normal or less defined as BMI < 25 kg/m² (N=132)

Acute onset of symptoms (N=122), Insidious onset (N=120)

Severe delay in gastric emptying at 4-hours is % retention > 35% (N=68), Not severe delay (N=173)

Severe gastroparesis defined as Grade 3: gastric failure (N=72), Grade 1: mild and Grade 2: compensated gastroparesis (N=171) using the gastroparesis severity scale reported in the ANMS review on treatment of gastroparesis (4).

Severity of symptoms based on the GCSI score from the PAGI-SYM questionnaire: Severe symptoms defined as GCSI ≥ 3.5 (N=90), Less severe symptoms defined as GCSI < 3.5 (N=150)

^†Independent characteristics and associated odds ratios were determined from bi-directional multivariable logistic regression analysis for each sub-group (sex, body mass, symptom onset, severity of delayed gastric empting, gastroparesis severity) using the full candidate set of characteristics shown in Tables 1–4, 6–7

n/a = Characteristic not in model due to instability of model due to multicollinearity.

n/s = Characteristic not significant at the 0.05 level

^‡Definitions:

Waist to hip ratio cardiovascular and diabetes health risk category based on NIDDK guidelines defined as follows:

• Low risk (≤ 0.95 for males, ≤ 0.80 for females), moderate risk (0.96 to 1.0 for males, 0.81 to 0.85 for females, high risk (≥ 1.0 for males, ≥ for females)

ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Beck Depression Index > 30 indicates clinically severe depression

Symptom severity from the PAGI-SYM (Patient Assessment of GI Symptoms) questionnaire, scores range from 0–5

Gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (GCSI) = mean of the sub-scores for nausea, postprandial fullness, and bloating where:

• Nausea sub-score = mean of the scores for nausea, retching, and vomiting
• Postprandial fullness/early satiety sub-score = mean of the scores for stomach fullness, inability to finish meal, excessive fullness, and loss of appetite
  • Bloating sub-score = mean of the scores for bloating and large stomach

^§Odds ratios and P values determined from a separate model including GCSI instead of the 9 separate symptom severity scores.