Figure 1.

Astrocyte activation by LPS and IFN-γ. IL-6 (A) and TNF-α (B) secretion into the medium detected by ELISA following 6 h, 14 h, 24 h and 48 h of LPS (2 µg/ml) and IFN-γ (3 ng/ml) treatment of mice astrocytes demonstrates the biological activity of astrogliosis. Note that neither IL-6 (A) nor TNF-α (B) cytokines were secreted from untreated astrocytes, while their secretion was dramatically increased during the LPS and INF-γ treatment. Values represent mean levels ± SEM (N = 4). P < 2e-05 for all bars compared to untreated astrocytes.