Table 3.

Effects of Parents' Involvement on Children's Engagement and Performance

	United States			China
Child Adjustment	Std.	Unstd.	SE	Std.	Unstd.	SE
Investment
Longitudinal intercept effect	.24*** (.20***)	.51 (.34)	.10 (.07)	.21*** (.21***)	.51 (.34)	.10 (.07)
Slope effect	.27*** (.18*)	2.55 (1.40)	.66 (.57)	.26*** (.19*)	2.55 (1.40)	.66 (.57)
Time on homework
Longitudinal intercept effect	.15** (.15**)	1.49 (1.07)	.51 (.39)	.08** (.08**)	1.49 (1.07)	.51 (.39)
Slope effect	.17* (.19*)	8.39 (8.20)	4.05 (3.72)	.12* (.17*)	8.39 (8.20)	4.05 (3.72)
Self-regulated learning strategies
Longitudinal intercept effect	.20*** (.16***)	.28 (.18)	.08 (.05)	.18*** (.18***)	.28 (.18)	.08 (.05)
Slope effect	.47*** (.21**)	2.73 (.80)	.54 (.28)	.39*** (.23**)	2.73 (.80)	.54 (.28)
Achievement
Longitudinal intercept effect	.08** (.06**)	.13 (.08)	.04 (.03)	.07** (.06**)	.13 (.08)	.04 (.03)
Slope effect	.03 (.07)	.23 (.41)	.24 (.24)	.03 (.07)	.23 (.41)	.24 (.24)

Note. Unstd. = Unstandardized estimates; Std. = Standardized estimates. Because there were no differences in the estimates between the United States and China, the effects (e.g., longitudinal intercept effect) on which the estimates are based were constrained between the two countries.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.