Table 1.

Summary of precursor manipulations and results

Experiment	Precursor manipulation					Normalization effect found
	Pitch flattening	Reversed syllables	Spectral rotation	Equal amplitude	Breaks removed
1a	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
1b	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
4a	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
4b	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
4c & 4d	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

Precursor sentences were or were not manipulated with respect to several speech characteristics: pitch movement, reversal of syllables, spectral rotation, syllables of equal amplitude, presence versus absence of low amplitude parts (breaks)