FIGURE 6. Th1 but not Th2 cytokines are elevated in T cells from T2D patients.

A and B, PBMCs from ND (white bars) or T2D (black bars) donors were incubated for 40 h in the presence or absence of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28. Samples were analyzed for IFN-γ (A) or IL-4 (B). Bars show average and SEM. p values were calculated by Mann–Whitney U test and are shown above bars that are significantly different (p < 0.05). All other comparisons were insignificantly different (p > 0.05). n = 12 for each donor cohort described in Table III. C, Summary of intracellular staining of IFN-γ in CD3⁺ T cells in PBMCs from ND (white bars) or T2D (black bars) donors as detailed for A (left). Comparisons between media and stimulated were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the T2D cohort (media versus PHA, p = 0.0155; media versus CD3+28, p = 0.0209). D, MFI for IFN-γ levels in T cells from ND (white bars) or T2D (black bars) donors. Comparisons between media and stimulated MFIs were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both cohorts (ND: media versus PHA, p = 0.0182; media versus CD3+28, p = 0.0411; T2D: media versus PHA, p = 0.0207; media versus CD3+28, p = 0.0069). No comparisons between ND and T2D cohorts were statistically significant for MFI. n = 4 for each donor cohort. E, One representative of four samples stained for intracellular IFN-γ in CD3⁺ T cells from ND (upper panels) or T2D (lower panels) PBMCs. Cells were stimulated as indicated for 40 h. CD3⁻ cellular staining for IFN-γ in the media control was not consistent. Brefeldin, PMA, and ionomycin were added 4 h before harvest. n = 4. Isotype controls are as explained in Fig. 3.