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(A) Schematic illustration of temperature-dependent phases of materials that form LCs. (B) (left) Orientation of the director and easy axis of LC at a surface; (right) Chemical structure of 5CB. (C) Schematic illustration of three modes of strain of LCs: (i) splay, (ii) twist, and (iii) bend. (D) Schematic illustration of the director near particles inserted into LCs.
