Table 1.

Summary of in vivo studies dealing with the effects of probiotics on oxaluria

Reference	Study population	Probiotic composition	Method of administration	Length of study	Δ Urinary oxalate excretion, %
36	Six stone formers with idiopathic hyperoxaluria on uncontrolled normal diet	Oxadrop 4×1011 CFU 5 strains mixed in 1:1:1:1:1 ratio; Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus brevis	Suspended in cold water, twice a day before meals	4 wk	−40
37	Ten stone formers with enteric hyperoxaluria on uncontrolled but similar diet during urine collection days	Oxadrop 8×1011 or 16 ×1011 or 24×1011 CFU, 4 strains mixed 1:1:4:4 ratio; L. acidophilus, L. brevis, S. thermophilus, B. infantis	Suspended in cold beverage (not milk), once daily 1–2 h after dinner or the major meal of the day	4 wk on each dose	−191 −24 −2
38	Twenty stone formers with idiopathic hyperoxaluria on uncontrolled, low-oxalate, but similar, diets during urine collection days	Oxadrop 10.8×1011 CFU, 4 strains mixed in 1:1:4:4 ratio; L. acidophilus, L. brevis, S. thermophilus, B. infantis	Suspended in a cold beverage (except milk), once daily 1–2 h after dinner or the major meal of the day	4 wk	−6
39	Sixteen stone formers on a controlled, high-oxalate diet	2×107 to 109 CFU of Lactobacillus casei and 5×107 to 109 CFU of Bifidobacterium breve	After major meals	2 wk	−6
40	Eleven healthy non–stone formers on controlled, low-oxalate diet	VSL#3 8 ×1011 CFU, 8 strains; S. thermophilus, B. breve, Bifidobacterium longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	Once a day, dissolved in water, after the last meal of the day	4 wk	−33
41	Forty stone formers on controlled, low-oxalate diet	Oxadrop 2 ×1011, 4 strains mixed in 1:1:4:4 ratio; L. acidophilus, L. brevis, S. thermophilus, B. infantis		3 wk	+11

¹The 3 changes in urinary oxalate excretion correspond to the 3 increasing doses of the probiotic, respectively.