Table 3.
Summary of clinical studies examining vitamin D status and supplementation with vitamin D in participants with TB infection
| Investigator | Population studied | Vitamin D status assessed by | Effects of vitamin D in population studied |
| Randomized trials | |||
| Martineau (86) | Double-blinded, randomized trial of adult patients with TB exposure | 25(OH)D | Single dose of vitamin D enhanced antimycobacterial immunity in patients with TB exposure |
| Morcos (87) | Small (n = 24) trial of vitamin D in children with new diagnosis of TB randomized to traditional treatment vs. traditional treatment and vitamin D | Serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D | Vitamin D supplementation resulted in clinical improvement |
| Wejse (90) | Randomized trial of vitamin D vs. placebo in Guinea-Bussau with TB | 25(OH)D | Randomized trial did not show any difference between placebo and vitamin D group in regards to mortality or improvement in clinical outcomes. However, 25(OH)D did not differ between vitamin D and placebo. |
| Nursyam (88) | Randomized trial of vitamin D or placebo in Indonesian TB patients | 25(OH)D | Participants treated with vitamin D had higher rate of sputum conversion at 8 wk compared to placebo |
| Martineau (89) | TB patients randomized to vitamin D supplementation or placebo at 14, 28, and 42 d | 25(OH)D | Sputum conversion rate at 8 wk did not differ between the vitamin D and placebo groups; however, those with the tt genotype of the TaqI polymorphism had a higher percentage of sputum conversion vs. placebo |
| Observational studies | |||
| Fielding (105) | Case series of 7 adults with pulmonary TB treated with vitamin D | None | Cavitations reduced in size in 6 of 7 patients |
| Case-control studies | |||
| Ho-Pham (81) | Case-control study of adults with TB from Vietnam compared to healthy controls | 25(OH)D | Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in adult men with TB but not in adult women with TB |
| Nielsen (26) | Case-control study of Greenlander patients with TB compared to healthy controls | 25(OH)D | Vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL] and elevated 25(OH)D > 56 μg/L were associated with TB infection |
| Wilkinson (14) | Case-control study of Asians with TB and healthy controls in the UK | 25(OH)D | Severe vitamin D deficiency associated with a high rate of TB in this population |
| Gibney (29) | Case-control study of African immigrants with TB in Australia compared to healthy controls | 25(OH)D | 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with risk of TB |
| Sasidharan (31) | Case-control study of hospitalized adults and children with TB compared to healthy controls | 25(OH)D | 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in the participants with TB compared to the control group |
| Grange (83) | Case-control study comparing Indonesian patients 18–50 y old with smear-positive TB compared with healthy controls | 25(OH)D | There was no difference in vitamin D status between the TB patients and the control group |
| Davies (15) | Case-control of adults with culture-positive TB and healthy controls | 25(OH)D | TB patients had lower 25(OH)D than did the healthy controls |
| Davies (32) | Prospective case-control study predicted of patients with TB in Kenya and healthy controls | 25(OH)D | TB patients had lower 25(OH)D than did the healthy controls |
| Davies (33) | Prospective case-control study of patients with TB and healthy controls in Thailand | 25(OH)D | TB patients had lower 25(OH)D than did the healthy controls |
| Chan (84) | Case-control study of TB patients and healthy controls in China | 25(OH)D | There was no difference in vitamin D status between the TB patients and the control group |
| Wejse (82) | Unmatched case-control study of West African patients with TB and healthy controls | 25(OH)D | Vitamin D deficiency was not more common among West African TB patients than controls |
| Retrospective case series | |||
| Williams (27) | Retrospective case series study of children attending TB clinic in the UK | 25(OH)D | 86% of children with latent or active TB had low 25(OH)D (<30 μg/L) |
| Ustianowski (28) | Retrospective case series study of UK patients with TB | 25(OH)D | Vitamin D deficiency was common in all ethnic groups with the exception of white Europeans and Chinese/South East Asians |
| Retrospective study | |||
| Yamshchikov (30) | Southeastern U.S. patients with active TB | 25(OH)D | 86% of participants had low 25(OH)D <30 μg/L |