Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
|
Racial Group |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All Patients (N=1,612) | Black Patients (n=1,001)x | White Patients (n=611) | P Valuea |
| Outcome variables | ||||
| Urine drug testing, any, No. (%) | 129 (8.0) | 104 (10.4) | 25 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Regular office visits, No. (%) | 803 (49.8) | 565 (56.4) | 238 (39.0) | <.001 |
| Restricted early refills, No. (%) | 1,235 (76.6) | 795 (79.4) | 440 (72.0) | <.001 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 54.1 (15.5) | 53.6 (14.9) | 54.7 (16.4) | .17 |
| Women, No. (%) | 1,070 (66.4) | 708 (70.7) | 362 (59.3) | <.001 |
| Household income, No. (%)b | <.001 | |||
| <$25,000 | 407 (25.3) | 380 (38.0) | 27 (4.4) | |
| $25,000–$34,999 | 546 (33.9) | 484 (48.4) | 62 (10.2) | |
| $35,000–$69,999 | 544 (33.8) | 129 (12.9) | 415 (67.9) | |
| ≥$70,000 | 115 (7.1) | 8 (0.8) | 107 (17.5) | |
| Substance abusec | ||||
| Problem substance use, No. (%) | 174 (10.8) | 130 (13.0) | 44 (7.2) | <.001 |
| Tobacco use, No. (%) | 259 (16.1) | 187 (18.7) | 72 (11.8) | <.001 |
| Mental and physical health | ||||
| Mental health disorder,c No. (%) | 780 (48.4) | 478 (47.8) | 302 (49.3) | .51 |
| Pain diagnosis,d No. (%) | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 693 (43.0) | 482 (48.2) | 211 (34.5) | <.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 130 (8.1) | 83 (8.3) | 47 (7.7) | .66 |
| Lumbago | 830 (51.5) | 536 (53.6) | 294 (48.1) | .03 |
| Cervical/thoracic spine pain | 390 (24.2) | 234 (23.4) | 156 (25.5) | .33 |
| Sciatica | 375 (23.3) | 225 (22.5) | 150 (24.6) | .34 |
| Neuropathic pain | 427 (26.5) | 279 (27.9) | 148 (24.2) | .11 |
| Fibromyalgia | 260 (16.1) | 160 (16.0) | 100 (16.4) | .84 |
| Medical comorbidities,c No. (%) | <.001 | |||
| None | 250 (15.5) | 110 (11.0) | 140 (22.9) | |
| 1 | 412 (25.6) | 224 (22.4) | 188 (30.8) | |
| 2 | 385 (23.9) | 238 (23.8) | 147 (24.1) | |
| ≥3 | 565 (35.1) | 429 (42.9) | 136 (22.3) | |
| Health care factors | ||||
| Duration of long-term opioid treatment, mean (SD), weeks | 100.0 (62.9) | 101.9 (64.4) | 96.8 (60.4) | .11 |
| Appointment attendance rate, median (SD) | 0.65 (0.15) | 0.62 (0.15) | 0.69 (0.14) | <.001 |
| Primary care use,e No. (%) | .002 | |||
| Lower | 256 (15.9) | 135 (13.5) | 121 (19.8) | |
| Intermediate | 1,008 (62.5) | 634 (63.3) | 374 (61.2) | |
| Higher | 348 (21.6) | 232 (23.2) | 116 (19.0) | |
a χ2 test for categorical variables; t test for continuous variables.
b Median annual household income in patient’s ZIP code.
c Based on physician International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) coding.
d Based on physician ICD-9-CM coding; patients may have multiple pain diagnoses.
e Lower = at least one 6-month period without a visit and bottom quartile in office visit frequency; Higher = at least one visit in each 6-month period and highest quartile in office visit frequency; Intermediate = remaining patients.