Table 2.
Additive Adjustment for Sets of Variables |
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Strategy | Unadjusted | Clusteringb | Demographicsc | Substance Abused | Comorbiditiese | Health Care Factorsf | Practice Site |
Urine drug testingg | 1.63 (1.03–2.59) P=.04 | 1.53 (0.92–2.53) P=.10 | 1.44 (0.82–2.54) P=.21 | 1.45 (0.82–2.58) P=.20 | 1.54 (0.86–2.73) P=.15 | 1.56 (0.87–2.78) P=.14 | 1.41 (0.78–2.54) P=.26 |
Regular office visits | 2.03 (1.65–2.49) P <.001 | 2.22 (1.71–2.87) P <.001 | 1.74 (1.28–2.38) P <.001 | 1.74 (1.28–2.38) P <.001 | 1.66 (1.21–2.28) P <.01 | 1.55 (1.10–2.19) P=.01 | 1.51 (1.06–2.14) P=.02 |
Restricted early refills | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) P <.01 | 1.60 (1.22–2.10) P <.01 | 1.48 (1.06–2.08) P=.02 | 1.50 (1.07–2.10) P=.02 | 1.50 (1.01–2.11) P=.02 | 1.56 (1.06–2.31) P=.03 | 1.55 (1.03–2.32) P=.04 |
Note: Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) and P values.
a Nonlinear mixed effect regression models adjusting additively for sets of patient, clinical, and health care variables.
b Clustering of patients within physician.
c Includes sex, age, median household income of neighborhood.
d Includes problem substance use (alcohol, nonopiates, and opioids), tobacco use.
e Mental health and medical comorbidities.
f Includes duration of long-term opioid treatment, appointment attendance rate, and primary care use category. Primary care use category was not included in the regular office visits models.
g Urine drug testing analysis excludes 2 practices that performed only 1 test or no tests in patients (n = 274 patients).